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Biomidterm
Metabolism, Enzymes, and Reaction coupling
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolic pathways | series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a starting SUBSTRATE through a series of metabolic intermediates eventually yielding a product----linear and cyclic (can be recycled) pathways |
| Anabolic pathways | biosyntheisis reactions; USE ENERGY to BUILD large organic molecules from simpler ones |
| catabolic pathways | digestive reactions; RELEASES ENERGY by breaking down large organic molecules into smaller ones |
| Why is ATP so special? | adding phosphate groups increases repulsion, making it more unstable, thus the final energy (3 bonds) allows it to break off easily--creating an energy release |
| energy | ability to do work or cause change |
| Kinetic energy | energy of movement |
| Potential energy | stored energy |
| chemical energy | the potential energy that is stored within chemical bonds, and releases when bonds are broken |
| free energy | delta G (usable free energy) |
| High entropy means __ | high disorder, which means low energy |
| Gibbs free energy equation | delta G = delta A - (T)(delta S) |
| First law of Thermodynamics | the energy of the universe is constant (transferred or transformed, not created or destroyed) |
| Second Law of thermodynamics | the state of entropy will always increase overtime---every reaction will lose a bit of unusable energy as heat--the more energy that a system loses to its surroundings, the less ordered and more random the system (entropy) |
| Catabolic reactions are ___ | exergonic (releases free energy, making it spontaneous--no energy is used) |
| anabolic reactions are ___ | endergonic (uses energy, making it nonspontaneous) |
| the ___ activation energy, the ___ the chemical reaction | higher//slower |
| reaction rate | depends on activation energy, temp (heat increases), and concentration |
| speed up reaction rate by ___ | lowering activation energy |
| how to lower activation energy | using a catalyst (enzyme) |
| enzyme | proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering activation energy---highly specific, reusable, reuquired in small amounts, and can be more than just protein |
| how do enzymes control each metabolic reaction | substrates of reaction catalyzed at active site which is highly specific, this causes a conformational change, and products are released from reactions |
| induced fit model | each enzyme has a specific shape that allows only a corresponding substrate to fit and bind at the active site, thus enzyme-substrate complex allows for chemical reaction |
| cells regulate enzymes through... | competitive inhibition, allosteric regulation, feedback inhibition, enzyme compartmentalization, cofactors, and coenzymes |
| competitive inhibition | competitive inhibitors: an inhibitor fits into the active site and prevents substrate binding noncompetitive inhibitors: an inhibitor fits into the allosteric site and makes the enzyme-substrate complex less effective |
| allosteric regulation | an effector stabilizes the active form (w/ an activator) or inactive form (w/ an inhibitor) of the enzyme |
| feedback inhibition | effectors fit into allosteric site and change shape of active site--the end product of metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway and decreases waste |
| enzyme compartmentalization | certain reactions happen only in certain organelles |
| cofactors | INORGANIC ion is required for enzyme activity |
| coenzymes | ORGANIC molecule is required for enzyme activity |
| Reaction coupling | cells couple the energy released form ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions---makes them exergonic (spontaneous) |
| +delta G | anabolic endergonic low free energy reactant + high free energy product stores energy builds nonspontaneous low entropy |
| -delta G | catabolic exergonic high free energy reactant + low free energy product releases energy breaks down spontaneous high entropy |
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user-1985217