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Biomidterm
Passive, Active, and Bulk transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Passive Transport | DOES NOT require energy; most direct form; happens naturally; aka diffusion |
| Diffusion | passive process of transport; a single substance moves from high concentration to low concentration area until the concentration is equal (always travel down from high to low) |
| concentration gradient | a physical space in which there is a single substance concentration range has __ |
| diffusion of two solutes ___ | are dependent on OWN concentration |
| What affects diffusion rate? | extent of concentration gradient, mass, temperature, solvent density, solubility, surface area and membrane thickness, and distance travelled |
| Temperature on diffusion rate | higher temp increases energy, thus mollecullar movement, thus increasing diffusion |
| solvent density on diffusion rate | as density of solvent increases, the diffusion rate decreases as molecules slow down due to difficulty traveling through denser medium |
| surface area on diffusion | increase surface area increases diffusion |
| How do polar and charged molecules travel across the membrane? | with help from transport proteins (channel and carrier proteins) through facilitated diffusion |
| Channel proteins | form a channel for polar molecules to go through in facilitated diffusion (e.g. aquaporins allow diffusion of water or ion channels that allow ions in and are open at all times or gated) |
| facilitated diffusion | transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane |
| ligand gated channel proteins | open/close in response to binding a specific ligand or chemical signal across the membrane |
| voltage gated channels | open/close in response to change of voltage (diff in charges) across the membrane |
| ccarrier proteins | bind with a substance and change conformation to allow passage of polar molecules and aid its diffusion through membrane |
| 3 types of carrier proteins | Uniporter: carry ONE specific ion or molecule sympoter: carry TWO diff. ions in SAME direction antiporter: carry TWO diff. ions in DIFF direction |
| Diffusion of water (Osmosis) | if you have a low concentration of solute, that means you have more water present; water will move down concentration gradient (high to low), thus water shifts to accomodate |
| solution with low osmolarity | has a greater number of water molecules to the number of solute particles |
| Osmolarity | the solution's total solute concentration |
| tonicity | how an extracellular solution can change a cell's colume by affecting osmosis---Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic |
| isotonic solution | solute concentration same inside and outside, so no net water movement across membrane |
| hypotonic | solution concentration outside is less than inside--net water movement into cell |
| hypertonic | solution concentration outside is greater than inside--net water movement out of cell |
| Active Transport | needs energy (ATP) as it goes against the concentration gradient (L to H)---Primary and Secondary--pumps charged polar molecules AGAINST gradient or ions against their electrochemical gradient |
| Primary ActiveNa+/K+ pump | Na+ ions are at higher concentration outside, K+ higher concentration inside---Na+ ions move inwards (electrical gradient), K+ move through K+ channels outwards due to concentration gradient (takes energy, since less potassium inside than outside) |
| Primary Active Transport | moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge across that membrane which is directly dependent on ATP |
| Secondary Active Transport (Co-transport) | one goes down concentration gradient, and one goes against its concentration gradient |
| Bulk Transport | cells also need to remove and take in larger molecules, but cannot even with energy thus bulk transport is used---Endocytosis (Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated) and Exocytosis |
| Endocytosis (in) | type of active transport that moves particles into a cell (large molecules, parts of cells, whole cells---all types have plasma membrane invaginate and form a pocket around the target particle |
| Phagocytosis "cell eating" | larger cells eat and engulf smaller cells, then becomes vesicle and merges with lysosome to break down the material (endosome) |
| Pinocytosis "cell drinking" | takes in molecules, including water, which cell needs for extracellular fluid---no merge with lysosome |
| Receptor-mediated | targets specific things as receptors bind with substance, then substance is engulfed |
| Exocytosis (out) | waste material is enveloped into membrane and fuses with plasma membrane interior and is released into extracellular space |
Created by:
user-1985217