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Biology test 1
Living things, basic chemistry, biological chemicals
| Answer | |
|---|---|
| What are the common features of living things | Organisation, Nutrition, Excretion, Response and Reproduction (ONE Roger Rabbit) |
| What do you call the sum of all the chemical reactions in living things | Metabolism |
| What type of reaction involves the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller ones and also releases energy | Catabolic reaction |
| What type of reaction involves smaller molecules being used to make larger ones and takes in energy | Anabolic reaction |
| What are all living things made of | Cells |
| "Some organisms exist as one cell | what term is used to describe this" |
| What characteristic of living things refers to the order in which cells are made up | Organisation |
| What term is used to describe the way in which organisms obtain and use food for energy | Nutrition |
| What term is given to the process by which an organism maintains a constant internal environment | Homeostasis |
| What term is used to describe the formation of new individuals | Reproduction |
| What are the two methods or reproduction | Asexual and Sexual |
| What reproduction method involves the fusion of gametes | Sexual |
| What reproduction method involves cell division | Asexual |
| What characteristic of living things refers to the reaction of organisms to stimuli in their environmnet | Response |
| Respiration | The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain. |
| Excretion | Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body |
| Growth | increase in size |
| Nutrition | the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. |
| Synthesis | creating larger molecules from smaller |
| cell theory | idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
| cell | Basic unit of life |
| single-cell organism | contains only one cell - protist or bacteria. |
| multicellular organism | Organism made up of many cells |
| stimulus | change that causes a response |
| respond | to react to something |
| asexual reproduction | reproduction needing only one parent |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction needing two parents |
| homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state. |
| metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| Reproduction | the production of offspring |
| Regulation | control and coordination of life processes |
| what is the point of homeostasis | maintaining factors ( temp or pH) within a narrow range, allowing cell reactions to proceed as normal. |
| heredity | passing of genetically based characteristics from parent to offspring |
| Organism | A living thing |
| Energy | All living things must be able to create and use energy |
| Water | Living things need this liquid to survive |
| Waste | The harmful leftovers from our metabolism that must be removed from the body. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism. |
| Cells | The building blocks of life, these make up all living things |
| Adjust | Living things must deal with changes in their environment |
| Adaptations | Traits that are inherited over long periods of time that help living things survive. |
| Stimulus / Stimuli | Information gathered by your senses and processed by your brain about your surroundings |
| Reproduction | All species of living things must reproduce in order to make sure their species survives. |
| Life span | Organisms are born, grow and develop, age, and die. |
| Birth | The start of an organism's life span. |
| Growth | The process of physically getting bigger. |
| Development | The process of becoming more advanced and complex over time |
| Aging | The process of growing old- results in an organism's body or cells no longer working correctly |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining internal conditions at a constant level, even as conditions outside of the organism change (example: maintaining a specific internal temperature no matter how warm or cold it is outside) |
| EWWCARL | An acronym used to remember the 7 characteristics of living things |
| Locomotion | the ability to move from place to place. NOT a requirement of life! |
| Biomolecules | Chemicals made by an organism |
| Components of all living things | - Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen - Nitrogen - Sulphur - Phosphorus |
| 4 Major components of biomolecules | - Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Vitamins |
| Carbohydrates | These are composed of C, H and O in the ratio of Cx(H20)y |
| 3 Types of Carbohydrates | - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | One sugar unit. e.g. Glucose, Fructose |
| Disaccharides | Two sugar units. e.g. Sucrose, Maltose |
| Polysaccharides | Many sugar units. e.g. Starch, Glycogen |
| Lipids | Compounds which contain C, H and O but not in a simple ratio as found in Carbohydrates. Composed of two types of molecules: 3 fatty acids and 1 Glycerol |
| Fats and Oils | Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature. Oils are lipids that are liquid at room temperature. |
| Proteins | Contain C, H, O and N May also contain S or P |
| Water | - Cytoplasm is 90% water, C64blood 92% water - Excellent solvent - Necessary for cells metabolic activities - Diffusion of dissolved substances. - Absorbs heat well without large increase in temp - Gives shape to cells |
| atoms | smallest unit an element can be divided into |
| CHONPS | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus & sulfur |
| isotope | the number of neutrons are changed |
| ion | protons & electrons aren't equal |
| negative ion | more electrons than protons |
| positive ion | more protons than electrons |
| valence electron | electrons in the outermost shell |
| covalent bonding | sharing an electron, non-metal & non-metal |
| hydrocarbons | hydrogen & carbon molecules |
| CHONPS behavior | act like non-metals; gain; forming covalent bonds |
| ionic bonding | one gains, the other loses & between metal and non-metal |
| matter | takes up space and has mass |
| atomic number | proton |
| atomic mass | proton + neutron |
| first electron shell | can hold 2 electrons |
| outermost electron shell | can hold 8 electrons |
| valence shell | outer shell |
| isotopes | -proton number is consistent for each element -neutron number can variation -isotopes describe the different forms of elements |
| compounds | substance consisting of two or more different elements |
| chemical bonds | atoms with incomplete valence shells will be attracted to each other |
| ionic bonds | one element donates an electron to another element - complete polarity -electron orbits do not overlap |
| cation | donating ion - positively charged |
| anion | recipient ion - negatively charged |
| covalent bonds | elements share electron(s) = molecule nonpolar bond oxygen approach each other to complete valence shell |
| electronegativity | difference among atoms affects the type chemical bond influenced by elements density and fullness of valence shell |
| polar covalent bond | Many covalent bonds are polar when shared electron is more attracted to one of the elements |
| hydrogen bond | adjacent polar molecules attach from negative to positive polar ends |
| What is the substance on Earth that makes life possible? | water |
| Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are joined by what kind of bond to form a water molecule? | single covalent bond |
| What is a water molecule shaped like? | "a ""V""" |
| "What does a ""polar molecule"" mean?" | opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges |
| Is the oxygen region positive or negative? | negative |
| What are the two molecules held together by? | a hydrogen bond |
| Adhesion | the tendency of different types of molecules to stick together, |
| Cohesion | the attraction between molecules of the same substance, which causes them to stick together causing insects to walk across water, plants to transport water between cells etc… |
| Surface tension | the property of a liquid's surface to resist external forces, caused by the cohesive nature of its molecules. |
| dehydration synthesis | Adding monomres together by removing a water molecule |
| hydroxide ions | OH- |
| hydronium ion | H3O+ |
| acid | a solution with a large number of hydronium ions compared to hydroxide ions resulting in a pH from 0 to 7. |
| base | a solution with a large number of hydroxide ions compared to hydronium resulting in a pH from 7 to 14. |
| pH scale | 0-14, 7 is neutral low numbers are acidic, high numbers are basic |
| buffer | Prevents pH from changing |
| organic compound | A biological chemical that is made by living things |
| monomer | A single unit of a macromolecule like a monsachharide, amino acid or fatty acid |
| polymer | made up of many monomers |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down polymers into monomers using water. |
| Isotope | Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus |
| Ion | An Atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons |
| Cation | A positively charged ion |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion |
| Element | A part or aspect of something abstract |
| Compound | A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements |
| Universal Solvent | Dissolves a variety of substances adhesion |
| Adhesion | The action or process of adhering to a surface or object |
| Cohesion | The action or fact of forming a united whole |
| High Specific Heat | Amount of heat needed to raise or lower the temperature |
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