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chapter 18
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ENDOCRINE glands | Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| EXOCRINE glands | Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body |
| Thyroid gland | a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck that produces hormones to regulate metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, and other functions. Creates T3 AND T4 |
| Iodine | needed for the thyroid gland to make T3 AND T4 |
| Parathyroid glands | 4 tiny glands located in the neck, behind the thyroid gland, that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood - decreases blood calcium |
| Adrenal glands | two small glands located on top of the kidneys that produce essential hormones to regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, and other vital functions |
| islet of Langerhans | clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon |
| Pituitary gland/hypophysis | a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is often called the "master gland" because it regulates many body functions and controls other endocrine glands |
| Pineal gland | regulate the body's circadian rhythms, primarily by producing the hormone melatonin in response to light and darkness |
| Prostaglandins | hormone-like lipids produced by most body tissues that regulate a wide range of functions, including inflammation, pain, blood flow, and smooth muscle contraction |
| cholecystokinin gastrin secretin | endocrine tissues located in the gastrointestinal tract -contracts gallbladder, stimulates gastric secretions, stimulates pancreatic enzymes |
| erythropoietin | endocrine tissue in the kidney / stimulates erythrocyte production |
| human chorionic gonadotropin | endocrine tissue located in the placenta to maintain pregnancy |
| vitamin d3 | in skin endocrine tissue to absorb calcium |
| Calcitonin | stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone/ decreases blood calcium |
| T4 and T3 | Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate/increase metabolism |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream |
| Adrenal cortex | outer portion of the adrenal gland- Secretes CORTISONE |
| Adrenal medulla | inner portion of the adrenal gland -Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids |
| Glucocorticoids | secreted from adrenal cortex :increases blood sugar (cortisone) |
| Mineralocorticoids/Aldosterone | secreted from adrenal cortex : regulates electrolytes /increases sodium |
| catecholamines (secreted from the adrenal medulla) | Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure/ Both are sympathomimetic agents. |
| sympathomimetic agents | mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system by activating it directly or indirectly, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and other effects. |
| Pancreas | Located near and partially behind the stomach • Exocrine and endocrine organ |
| Insulin | lowers blood sugar (glucose to glycogen) |
| Glucagon | raises blood sugar (glycogen to glucose) |
| Hypothalamus | controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones) |
| Anterior Pituitary gland | adenohypophysis - secrets hormones |
| Posterior Pituitary gland | neurohypophysis - stores and releases hormones specifically ADH Antidiuretic hormone AND OT Oxytocin |
| epinephrine (adrenaline) | Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure |
| growth hormone (GH); somatotropin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ vasopressin | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney |
| oxytocin (OT) | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function |
| sella turcica | Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland |
| adrenalectomy | surgical excision of the adrenal gland |
| Hypokalemia | blood condition of too little potassium |
| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid |
| Neoplasms | an abnormal, excessive growth of tissue that can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) |
| Hyperparathyroidism | Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia |
| Hypoparathyroidism | involuntary muscle contractions (TETANY), Muscle and nerve weakness , Hypocalcemia |
| Adrenal virilism | CAUSED BY Hyperparathyroidism/ Adrenal Cortex- Amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening |
| Hirsutism | the growth of excessive male-pattern hair in women after puberty |
| Cushing syndrome | CAUSED BY Hyperparathyroidism IN Adrenal Cortex- Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition |
| Addison disease | caused by Hyposecretion/ Adrenal Cortex: Deficient mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure |
| Pheochromocytoma | CAUSED BY Hyperparathyroidism Benign tumor of adrenal medulla |
| Hyperinsulinism | Hypersecretion in pancreas - Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting |
| Diabetes mellitus | Hyposecretion in pancreas / involves high blood sugar due to issues with insulin Type 1 : childhood onset, typically; can occur in adulthood Type 2 : adult onset, typically |
| Hypersecretion in pituitary gland | Acromegaly Gigantism |
| Hyposecretion in pituitary gland | • Dwarfism • Panhypopituitarism |
| Diabetes insipidus | Hyposecretion in pituitary gland/ caused by problems with the hormone vasopressin (ADH), affecting the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine |
| Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) | Hypersecretion of pituitary gland Excess ADH Excess water retention |
| Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) | Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours |
| Thyroid function tests | Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream |
| Exophthalmometry | measure the forward protrusion of the eye (protrusion caused by thyroid disease) |
| acromegaly | enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty |
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