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Chapter 38
Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| follicular phase | first half of cycle - first 14 days of 28 day cycle |
| FSH & LH in females | stimulate the maturation of ova in preparation for fertilization |
| luteal phase | second half of cycle - days 15 - 28 of a 28 day cycle LH & progesterone primary hormones released in this phase blood supply to uterus increase to prepare for implantation of ovum |
| puberty | period of sexual maturation |
| menarche | beginning of menstruation |
| menses | onset of menstrual cycle |
| menstruation | shedding of the uterine lining - consist of endometrial tissue, blood, mucus, vaginal & cervical cells blood loss 30-80ml |
| perimenopausal | entering the phase known as climacteric period - menses becoming irregular (flow and stops) |
| menopause | when menses have completely ceased for at least 12mo |
| signs/symptoms of climacteric period & menopause | hot flashes / night sweats - caused by vasomotor instability resulting from low estrogen headaches, mood, muscle & joint pain, weight changes, energy & sleep, hear skin, nail, digestion, intimacy, bone health |
| menstrual blood consists of... | endometrial tissue, mucus, vaginal/cervical cells |
| mittelschmerz | sharp pain in the right or left lower quadrants |
| vaginal discharge | main line against infection is lactic acid (acidic pH) increase secretion mid point of cycle when pregnancy occurs decrease secretion after menopause normal is off-white color and odorless |
| normal breast | adipose tissue, mil-producing glands, ducts and fibrous tissue rest of chest muscle denseness & adipose tissue decrease with age |
| contraception | offer other benefits besides prevent unwanted pregnancies like breast tenderness bloating & PMS smoking increases risk of complications esp in women older than 35yrs |
| plan b emergency contraception | OTC to be taken within 72hrs of unprotected sex, not meant to be take on a regular basis |
| female health screening & assessment | primary prevention: decrease probability of becoming ill secondary: detection of specific diseases for early treatment tertiary: minimize impact already diagnosed condition |
| BSE | breast self exam - monthly |
| vulvar self exam | should be done monthly - visual & touch |
| mammogram | age 40-44 should start annual screening 45-54 yearly screening 55 and older switch every 2yrs |
| PET scan | to stage breast cancer |
| MRI | screen for breast cancer; assess silicone implants for leaks |
| pap smear | determine presence of abnormal cells ages 25-65 should have pap test every 3yrs to screen for HPV and cervical cancer |
| sexual health info - 5Ps | Partners, practices, Protection from STI's, Past history of STI's, Prevention of pregnancy |
| scrotum | holds testes, epididymis and vas deferens |
| spermatic cord | attaches testes to the body, blood vessels and nerves that supply the testes |
| seminiferous tubules | produce sperm (spermatogenesis) transport sperm to epididymis |
| testes | gonads - produces testosterone |
| epididymis | long tube conducts sperm from testes to vas deferens - immature sperm mature, travel thru tube. mature sperm stored in lower portion of epididymis |
| vas deferens | muscular tube connects to epididymis, sores sperm & carries to ejaculatory duct thru peristalsis |
| prostatic section of the urethra | receives sperm and carries to penile portion for ejaculation |
| seminal vesicle | produce thick fluid that contains fructose to nourish the sperm and provide energy - prostaglandins for motility |
| prostate gland | produces alkaline secretions that contribute to seminal fluid and enhances motility of sperm - mixes with secretion of seminal vesicle to neutralize acidity in vag tract |
| secretion of bulbourethral gland | neutralize acid of residual urine in urethra - provides lubrication at the tip of penis for intercourse |
| bulbourethral gland | secrete an alkaline mucus like fluid in response to sexual stimulation |
| LH in males | stimulates testes to produce testosterone |
| FSH | binds with cells in seminiferous tubules, making them respond to testosterone |
| testosterone & FSH | stimulate the formation of sperm |
| normal sperm count | greater than 20 mil/mL |
| male age-related changes | scrotum fewer rugae prostate enlargement plasma testosterones & progesterone decrease decreased sperm production ejaculate volume decreases after 60 - cycle of sexual response lengthens |
| reversible male contraception | spermicidal creams, gels or foams male condoms |
| permanent male contraception | vasectomy - 2 negative sperm counts several months after considered infertile |
| male health screening - dx tests | prostate specific antigen (PSA) test - serum acid phosphatase elevated in prostate cancer - serum alkaline phosphatase elevated metastasized to bone |
Created by:
Ldiaz2449