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Test #4 human phys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the significance of the sigmoid shape of the oxygen dissociation curve | interaction between hemes. Attachment of O2 to 1 heme group changes shape and increases affinity of remaining binding sites |
| What is the PO2 in the lungs | 100 mmHg |
| What is the PO2 in tissues at rest | 40 mmHg |
| What is the PO2 in exercising tissues | 20mmHg |
| How does the oxygen disassociation curve shift during exercise, Is there more or less oxygen delivered to the tissue | right shift increased oxygen to tissues |
| How does the curve shift in fetal blood? Is there more or less oxygen delivered to the fetus' tissue | left shift more oxygen to fetus |
| What percentage of CO2 travels in the blood as dissolved CO2 gas | 7-10% |
| When CO2 enters the red blood cell, what happens to the hemoglobin? | binds to the hb as carbamino-hemoglobin |
| Where does the oxygen go when CO2 enters the RBC | released from the hemoglobin |
| What part of the hemoglobin does the CO2 bind to | globin part of hemoglobin |
| What is the equation by which CO2 becomes bicarb and H+ | CO2 + H2O → Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) → H+ + HCO3 |
| What enzyme catalyzes CO2 becoming bicarb and H+ | carbonic anhydrase |
| Where do you find the enzyme that catalyzes CO2 into bicarb and H+ | the rbc |
| What happens to the bicarb produced from CO2 | diffuses to plasma to lungs |
| What happens to the H+ that was produced from CO2 | binds to Hb to trigger Bohr effect |
| What affect does the H+ have in the hemoglobin | makes oxygen get dumped off of rbc |
| What is the chloride shift | negatively charged Bicarb leaving rbc to plasma so Cl- must enter the rbc to keep charge the same |
| What does it mean when the chloride shift happens | RBC is returning to the heart |
| What is the outer layer of the BV wall called | tunica externa(adventitia) |
| What is the middle layer of the BV wall called | tunica media |
| What is the inner layer of the BV wall called | tunica intima |
| In veins, which layer is thickest | tunica externa |
| Why is the thickest vein the thickest | it has a larger lumen to provide structural support |
| In arteries, which vein is the thickest | Tunica media |
| Why is the thickest arterial vein the thickest | allows arteries to withstand high pressure of blood being pumped from heart |
| In capillaries, what is the only layer | tunica intima |
| Why is there only one capillary layer | a single cell thick to allow rapid exchange of gases |
| Where does blood go during diastole | ventricles filling with blood |
| What valves are open in diastole | AV valves |
| Where does blood go during systole | blood leaves ventricles |
| What valves are open during systole | Semilunar valves |
| What is IVC | Isovolumetric contraction ventricles contract with valves closed |
| What is IVR | Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation ventricles relax with valves closed |
| Does pressure rise or fall during IVC | No changes |
| Does pressure rise or fall during IVR | No changes |
| What makes the semilunar valves open | when ventricles contract |
| Where does blood go when the semilunar valves are open | blood pumps into aorta or pulmonary artery |
| What happens to the ventricular volume and pressure when blood leaves after semilunar valves open | volume and pressure decrease |
| What is the equation for CO (cardiac output) | CO=HR(SV) |
| What is stroke volume | volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during each contraction |
| What is intrinsic control | heart's ability to vary the stroke volume |
| What does intrinsic control have to do with length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle | strength of contraction depends on the length-tension relationship Greater filling means greater stretch which means greater muscle contraction |
| What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart | more blood in ventricles means more forceful contractions |
| What is extrinsic control | regulation of heart's contractibility based on ANS and hormones |
| What does increased sympathetic innervation do to HR | increases |
| What does increased sympathetic innervation do to SV | Increases |
| What does increased sympathetic innervation do to CO | increases |
| What does exercise do to HR | increases |
| What does exercise do to SV | increases |
| What does exercise do to CO | increases |
| What does decreased HR do to HR | decreases |
| What does decreased HR do to SV | increases |
| What does decreased HR do to CO | same |
| What does sudden fall in BP do to HR | increases |
| What does sudden fall in BP do to SV | decreases |
| What does sudden fall in BP do to CO | same |
| What does increased HR do to HR | increase |
| What does increased HR do to SV | decrease |
| What does increased HR do to CO | same |
| Which muscles are involved in passive expiration | None. Its passive |
| What is the definition of the residual volume | The air left in your lungs after fully exhaling |
| What is the definition of the Tidal Volume | Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during each normal breath |
| What is the definition of the Inspiratory Reserve Volume | How much more you can possibly breathe in after a normal inhale |
| What is the definition of the Expiratory Reserve Volume | How much more you are able to breathe out after a normal exhale |
| Which is true about hemoglobin saturation? % hemoglobin saturation means how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin Each hemoglobin can bind trillions of oxygen molecules Oxygen is carried on the globin portion of the Hb All of these are true | “% hemoglobin saturation” means how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin |
| On the oxygen disassociation curve, what son the X axis | Blood PO2 in mmHg |
| approximately how saturated with oxygen is the hemoglobin in the muscles at rest? | 75% |
| approximately how saturated with oxygen is the hemoglobin in the lungs at rest? | 98% |
| approximately how saturated with oxygen is the hemoglobin in the muscles when exercising vigorously? | 25% |
| T or F: In the steep part of the oxygen dissociation curve, a small change in PO2 leads to a large change in hemoglobin saturation | True |
| Which is true about a RIGHT shift of the oxygen dissociation curve? Seen in fetal hemoglobin At any PO2, oxygen has a lower affinity for hemoglobin, so it’s more readily dumped off to the tissues | At any PO2, oxygen has a lower affinity for hemoglobin, so it’s more readily dumped off to the tissues |
| Which is true about CO2 transport in blood Most CO2 travels in blood dissolved in plasma Most CO2 travels in blood in the form of bicarbonate ions in plasma Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction which CO2 converts to bicarbonate | Most CO2 travels in blood in the form of bicarbonate ions in plasma Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction which CO2 converts to bicarbonate |
| What is the Y axis of the CO2 dissociation curve | Concentration of CO2 in the blood in ml/dl |
| T or F: When oxygen loads onto hemoglobin, CO2 is dumped off | T |
| T or F: The Haldane effect says that at higher PO2, the CO2 dissociation curves shifts such that there is less CO2 in the blood | T |
| What is the mmHg of PCO2 in the tissues | 45 mmHg |
| What is the mmHg of PCO2 in the lungs | 40 mmHg |
| What is the mmHg of PO2 in the tissues | 40 mmHg |
| What is the mmHg of PO2 in the lungs | 100 mmHg |
| What blood vessel... Carry blood away from the heart | Arteries |
| What blood vessel... Carry blood towards the heart | Veins |
| What blood vessel...Exposed to highest pressure | Arteries |
| What blood vessel...Function: Gas exchange | Capillaries |
| What blood vessel...Largest lumens | Veins |
| What blood vessel...Only. has tunica intima | Capillaries |
| What blood vessel...Thickest layer is tunica adventitia | Veins |
| What blood vessel... Thinnest, most numerous, slowest blood flow | Capillaries |
| What blood vessel... Tunica intima has valves | Veins |
| What blood vessel...Tunica media is the thickest | Arteries |
| What blood vessel...Walls contain the most elastic fibers and smooth muscle | Arteries |
| Which is the fastest pacemaker cell of the heart? | SA node |
| T or F: The action potential is delayed through the AV node to allow time for the ventricles to finish contracting | False |
| T or F: A heart can beat outside of the body, but it will beat more slowly than it does in the body | False |
| T or F: If the SA node malfunctions, the person will die within minutes | False |
| Which is true about isovolumetric contraction? Check ALL that are true Valves are closed Ventricles are contracting Pressure increases Occurs during diastole Associated with the P wave of the EKG | Valves are closed Ventricles are contracting Pressure increases |
| If stroke volume is 65 ml/beat, and there is 110 ml of blood in the ventricle before contraction, how much blood is left in the ventricle after contraction? | 45 ml |
| If heart rate is 72 beats per minute, end diastolic volume is 132 ml and end systolic volume is 64 ml, what is the cardiac output in ml/min? | 4896 ml/min |
| Which of the following will increase stroke volume? Check ALL that are true. Increased venous return Decreased venous return Increased sympathetic nervous system Increased activity of the vagus nerve | Increased venous return Increased sympathetic nervous system |
| Where is bicarb made more quickly? Why? | RBC because of enzyme |
| Where is bicarb made more slowly? | In the plasma |
| Why are venus blood cells more swollen? | chloride shift |
| SV equation | SV= EDV-ESV |
| What does sudden decrease in bv do to HR | increase |
| What does sudden decrease in bv do to SV | decrease |
| What does sudden decrease in bv do to CO | same |
| Which layer of the BV wall has the most smooth muscle | tunica media |
| T or F: The aortic semilunar valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery | False |
| Which is the main pacemaker of the heart | SA node |
| How fast will the ventricles beat if the Bundle of His fails | 30 bpm |
| What does the QRS wave represent | ventricle depolarization |
| T or F: Systole is when the ventricle contract | T |
| What happens during IVC | ventricular pressure rises |
| Which of the following does NOT increase total peripheral resistance Epinephrine, Angiotensin 2, Increased hematocrit, Parasympathetic NS | Parasympathetic NS |
| T or F: As venous return increases, the heart contracts more strongly | True |
| T or F: The Frank-Starling law of the heart is extrinsic control | False |
| T or F: As HR increases, SV decreases | True |
| Which is lower the Larynx or Pharynx | Larynx |
| What does the epiglottis do | flops to block trachea when eating |
| What is the purpose of the tunica adventitia's thick connective tissue | keeps veins open |
| How can you distinguish between IVC and IVR | check if the pressure is increasing or decreasing |
| What does the medulla do for respiration | makes you breathe |
| What does the pons do for respiraiton | smooths breathing out |
| What do chemoreceptors directly detect | H+ ion |
| What increases when H+ increases | CO2 |
| What does moving joints cause in relation to respiration | increased respiration |
| Where does the Na+ from pacemaker cells go | heart muscle cells |
| List the order which pacemaker cells fire | SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers |
| What does TLC measure | maximum amount of air your lungs can hold after taking a deep breath |
| What does VC measure | maximum amount of air a person can exhale from lungs after max inhale |
| What does FRC measure | volume of air remaining in lungs after normal exhale |
| What does RV measure | amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful exhale |
| What does ERV measure | additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhale |
| What does IC measure | total amount of air that can be inhales after normal exhale |
| What does IRV measure | extra amount of air in a person after a forceful exhale after a normal breath |
| What does Tidal volume measure | amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath |
| At rest, do lungs want to stretch or contract | contract |
Created by:
Kayla_K