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chapter 17
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sclera | white part of the eye |
| vitreous humor | soft, jellylike material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball |
| choroid | Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera |
| ciliary body | Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris; controls shape of lens and secretes aqueous humor |
| cone | Photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; responsible for color and central vision |
| conjunctiva | Delicate membrane that lines the undersurface of eyelids and covers anterior eyeball |
| aqueous humor | Fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in anterior chamber |
| cornea | the transparent, outermost layer of the eye that covers the iris and pupil, acting as the eye's primary protective covering and focusing lens |
| fovea centralis | Tiny depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision |
| macula | a small yellowish area in the center of the retina at the back of the eye responsible for sharp, clear, central vision, allowing you to see fine details, color, and objects directly in your line of sight |
| optic chiasm | The point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain |
| optic disc | The region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina; blind spot |
| refraction | Bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina |
| rod | Photoreceptor cell of retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision |
| blephar/o | eyelid |
| Astigmatism | defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye |
| Hyperopia | farsightedness |
| Myopia | nearsightedness |
| Presbyopia | impairment of vision due to old age reducing lens accommodation |
| Diabetic retinopathy | retinal effects caused by diabetes mellitus include: ➢Microaneurysms ➢Hemorrhages ➢Dilation of retinal veins ➢Neovascularization |
| Glaucoma | increased intraocular pressure damages the retina and optic nerve |
| Hordeolum (stye) | staph infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid |
| Macular degeneration: | progressive damage to the macular of the retina |
| Nystagmus | repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes |
| Strabismus | abnormal deviation of the eye |
| Retinal detachment | two layers of the retina separate from each other |
| Photopsia | bright flashes of light |
| Floaters: | vitreous clumps of retina |
| Pneumatic retinopexy | a gas bubble is injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach the retina |
| Fluorescein angiography | dye injection to examine blood flow in the retina |
| Enucleation | removal of the entire eyeball |
| Laser photocoagulation | an argon laser creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky blood vessels |
| Keratoplasty: | surgical repair of the cornea |
| Outer ear | consists of the Pinna & External auditory meatus (auditory canal) |
| Tympanic membrane | ear drum - middle ear |
| name of inner ear | labyrinth |
| inner ear consists of | Cochlea & Auditory nerve fibers |
| what helps the ear with balance and equilibrium? | ➢Vestibule ➢Semicircular canals |
| auditory meatus | Auditory canal |
| pinna/auricle | flap of the ear |
| cerumen | earwax |
| endolymph/perilymph | Fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear |
| oval window | Membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear |
| organ of Corti | Sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear |
| ossicle | small bone of ear |
| aur/o auricul/o ot/o | ear |
| -acusis or-cusis | hearing |
| -otia | ear condition |
| Acoustic neuroma | :benign tumor arising from 8th cranial nerve, causes tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, and decreased hearing |
| Cholesteatoma | skin cells and cholesterol in a sac in the middle ear (cyst-like mass associated with chronic infections) |
| Ménière disease | disorder of the labyrinth |
| Otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear |
| Otosclerosis | hardening of bony tissue in the labyrinth |
| Tinnitus | sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears |
| Vertigo | sensation of irregular motion (whirling) from disease of the inner ear or nerve carrying messages from the semicircular canals |
| Audiometry | an audiometer is an electric device used to determine hearing loss by frequency |
| Otoscopy | visual examination of the ear with a small, hand-held scope |
| Tuning fork test | hearing tests using a vibrating fork |
| Rinne | Tuning fork test: fork is place against the mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction) |
| Weber | Tuning fork test: fork is placed on the center of the forehead |
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