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EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
| Fault line | a line on a rock surface or the ground that traces a geological fault. |
| volcano | a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust. |
| geosphere | any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere. |
| rock cycle | the continuous process by which the three main types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—are created, transformed, and destroyed over geologic time |
| tectonic plates | the large, rigid pieces of Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, that move slowly over a weaker, partially melted layer below. |
| asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| lithosphere | the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. |
| crust | he outermost, solid rock shell of the planet, composed of both the thicker, less dense continental crust that forms landmasses and the thinner, denser oceanic crust that lies beneath the oceans |
| convection current | the circular movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by differences in temperature and density |
| inner core | the solid, innermost layer of Earth, composed mainly of iron and nickel, and located at the planet's center |
| outer core | the liquid layer of Earth's interior, situated beneath the mantle and surrounding the solid inner core |
| upper mantle | s the layer of Earth's interior located between the crust and the lower mantle, extending from about 200 to 250 miles |
| layers of the earth | based on chemical composition, including the crust, mantle, and core |
| lower mantle | the region of Earth's interior extending from about 660 km to 2,900 km deep, lying beneath the upper mantle and above the outer core |
| seismology | the branch of science concerned with earthquakes and related phenomena. |
| kinetic energy | the energy an object possesses due to its motion |
| heat | the transfer of thermal energy between substances at different temperatures, always moving from the hotter substance to the colder one |
| magnitude | the size or extent of a physical quantity, such as a force, velocity, or length |
| lava | molten rock that erupts from a volcano or a fissure on a planet's surface |
| Richter scale | a logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitude (size) of earthquakes based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs |
| epicenter | the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus (or hypocenter) of an earthquake |
| primary wave | the fastest seismic waves and are the first to be detected after an earthquake |
| second wave | secondary seismic waves , which are the slower, more damaging type of seismic body wave that follows the primary |
| magma | hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling. |
| thermal energy | the total kinetic energy of all the particles (atoms and molecules) in a substance due to their random motion |
| divergent | moving apart or differing from a standard, with key definitions in plate tectonics and evolution |
| theory | a well-substantiated explanation for a natural phenomenon that is supported by a vast body of evidence, facts, laws, and tested hypotheses. |
| mantle | the layer of hot, dense rock located between the Earth's crust and its outer core, making up the largest portion of the planet |
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