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Maddie B. EES 2.1
EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pangea | a supercontinent that existed around 300 million years ago, when all of Earth's land was joined together as one giant piece |
| earthquake | when the ground shakes because of a sudden slip on a fault, which is a crack in the Earth's outer layer |
| geosphere | non-living parts of the Earth, like rocks, soil, and minerals, from the ground all the way down to the planet's core |
| layers of the earth | crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. |
| plate tectonics | Earth's outer shell is broken into large, slow-moving pieces called tectonic plates that float on a layer of molten rock |
| rock cycle | the continuous process where rocks change from one type to another over millions of years |
| convection currents | the continuous movement of fluids when they are heated and cooled |
| kinetic energy | the energy an object has because it is moving |
| layers of the sun | inner layers (core, radiative zone, and convective zone) and outer layers (photosphere, chromosphere, and corona) |
| gravity | the force that pulls everything on Earth toward the ground |
| divergent | moving apart, differing, or not going in the same direction |
| crust | a hard, outer layer, like the outside of a loaf of bread or a pie |
| seismograph | a machine that detects and records the shaking of the Earth |
| magnitude | size or strength of something |
| fault line | a crack in the Earth's crust where large blocks of rock move past each other, much like pieces of a puzzle that are constantly shifting |
| magma | super-hot, melted rock that is found deep underground, beneath the Earth's surface |
| lithosphere | the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. |
| asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| epicenter | the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. |
| molten rock | rock that has been heated to a high temperature and has become a hot, thick liquid |
| thermal energy | the total internal energy of a substance due to the motion of its atoms and molecules. |
| continents | any of the world's main continuous expanses of land |
| Grand Unifying Theory | a theoretical framework in physics that attempts to unify three of the four fundamental forces—the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces—into a single, more fundamental force |
| plate boundaries | the edges where tectonic plates meet |
| fossils | the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| Alfred Wegner | German meteorologist and geophysicist |
| Thermal | an upward current of warm air, heat or temperature |
| Mantle | A thick layer of rock located between a planet's core and its crust |
| Continental Drift | the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time |
| Seismic waves | vibrations that carry energy through the earth's layers or along its surface generated by events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or explosions |
| Outer core | the liquid layer of earth's interior, situated between the mantle and the solid inner core, composed mainly of liquid iron and nickel |
| Transform Boundary | a type of tectonic plate boundary where 2 plates slide horizontally past each other |
| Unstable isotopes | a variant of an element with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously undergoes radioactive decay to become more stable. |
| Richter Scale | a way for scientists to measure the strength of an earthquake or how much energy it releases |
| Volcanism | the geological process and activity associated with volcanoes, involving the eruption of molten rock (magma), ash, and gases from beneath the Earth's crust to its surface |
| Seafloor spreading | the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at mid-ocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side. |
| S waves | secondary seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior in a shearing, side-to-side, or up-and-down motion, perpendicular to their direction of travel |
| Support from Wegener's proposed theory | the evidence he used to show that continents were once joined and later drifted apart (such as matching fossils, rocks, climates, and the fit of the continents). |
| ridge | a long, narrow, elevated area of land or underwater mountains, often formed by tectonic activity such as seafloor spreading. |
| isotope | a version of an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, giving it a different atomic mass. |
| convection | the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas), where warmer, less dense material rises and cooler, denser material sinks. |
| density | the measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume of a substance. |
| Divergent boundary | places where two tectonic plates move away from each other, causing features like mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. |
| subduction | the process where one tectonic plate slides beneath another and sinks into the mantle. |
| Mantle convection | the slow, circular movement of hot, softened rock in Earth’s mantle that occurs as hot material rises and cooler material sinks, helping drive the movement of tectonic plates. |
| tsunamis | large, powerful ocean waves usually caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. |
| lava | molten rock that has erupted onto Earth’s surface from a volcano. |
| ductile | a material that can be stretched, bent, or deformed without breaking. |
| trench | a deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor, typically formed at a subduction zone where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another. |
| plume | a column of hot, rising material from deep within the mantle that can cause volcanic activity at the Earth's surface. |
| half-line | a line that starts at a point and extends infinitely in one direction. |
| thermal convection | the transfer of heat within a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by the movement of warmer, less dense fluid rising and cooler, denser fluid sinking. |
| tectonic plates | large, rigid pieces of Earth’s lithosphere that move over the semi-fluid mantle and interact at their boundaries, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation. |
| radioactivity | he spontaneous emission of energy or particles from the nucleus of an unstable atom as it transforms into a more stable form. |
| radioactive decay | the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation, transforming into a more stable nucleus over time. |
| inner core | the solid, dense center of the Earth, composed mainly of iron and nickel, and is extremely hot. |
| convergent boundary | a tectonic plate boundary where two plates move toward each other, often causing mountains, earthquakes, or subduction zones. |
| mountain formation | the process by which mountains are created, usually through tectonic forces such as the collision, folding, or uplift of Earth’s crust. |
| p waves | Primary waves are seismic waves that travel fastest through Earth, moving by compressing and expanding material in the direction of wave propagation. |
| slab-pull | the force exerted by a sinking tectonic plate (slab) as it descends into the mantle at a subduction zone, helping to drive the movement of tectonic plates. |
| rift | a crack or split in the Earth's crust where tectonic plates are moving apart, often forming valleys or new ocean basins. |
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