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EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Geo sphere | the solid, rocky part of Earth, including everything from the surface down to the core |
| Plate Tectonics | the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into large slabs of rock, called tectonic plates, that move and float on a hotter, more fluid layer of rock beneath them |
| Rock cycle | the continuous process of rocks changing from one type to another through geological processes |
| Lithosphere | the rigid, outermost shell of the Earth, made up of the crust and the very top, solid part of the mantle |
| Asthenosphere | he upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| Pangea | a supercontinent that existed from about 335 to 175 million years ago, when all of the Earth's continents were joined together in a single landmass |
| Convection Currents | cycles of movement in fluids (like air or water) where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler, denser fluid sinks. |
| Kinetic energy | the energy an object possesses due to its motion |
| Layers of the Earth | The Earth is made up of three main layers: the crust (outer layer), the mantle (middle layer), and the core (inner layer) |
| Gravity | The force that pulls objects toward the Earth or any other mass. |
| Crust | The Earth's outermost layer, made of solid rock. |
| Plate Boundaries | The edges where two tectonic plates meet. They can be convergent (plates collide), divergent (plates move apart), or transform (plates slide past each other). |
| Earthquakes | Sudden shaking or movement of the Earth’s surface caused by the release of energy along fault lines. |
| Seismograph | A device that measures and records the intensity and movement of earthquakes. |
| Magnitude | A number that represents the size or energy of an earthquake. |
| Fault Line | A crack or fracture in the Earth's surface where tectonic plates meet or move. |
| Volcano | A mountain or opening in the Earth where molten rock (magma) and gases can escape. |
| Epicenter | The point on the Earth's surface directly above the location where an earthquake starts. |
| Molten magma | Hot, melted rock beneath the Earth's surface |
| Continental Drift | Theory that continents move over Earth's surface. |
| Lava | Molten rock that reaches the Earth's surface through a volcano |
| Thermal Energy | Heat energy that comes from the Earth's interior and can drive processes like volcanic eruptions. |
| Divergent | A type of plate boundary where two plates move away from each other, often creating new crust. |
| Mantle | Layer of Earth between the crust and core. |
| Fossils | The preserved remains or traces of plants, animals, or other organisms from the past. |
| Alfred Wegener | The preserved remains or traces of plants, animals, or other organisms from the past. |
| Seismic waves | Waves of energy traveling through Earth due to earthquakes or volcanic activity. |
| Outer core | Liquid layer surrounding Earth's inner core, made of iron and nickel. |
| Transform boundary | Boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other |
| Unstable isotopes | Isotopes that decay into stable forms over time, emitting radiation. |
| volcanism | Process of volcanic activity, including eruptions and lava flow. |
| Seafloor spreading | Process where new oceanic crust forms at divergent boundaries, pushing plates apart. |
| S (seismic) wave | Secondary seismic waves that travel only through solids, slower than P waves. |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | Fossil, rock, and climatic evidence suggesting continents were once connected. |
| ridge | A gap where land is pulling apart. |
| convection | When warm material rises and cool material sinks |
| isotope | A version of an element with a different number of neutrons. |
| Pangea | |
| Density | How much mass something has in a given space. |
| Divergent Boundary | Where plates move apart. |
| Subduction | When one plate sinks under another. |
| Mantle convection | Slowly moving mantle rock caused by heat rising and sinking. |
| Tsunamis | Huge ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or eruptions. |
| Ductile | Able to bend or flow without breaking. |
| trench | A deep valley in the ocean where subduction happens. |
| plume | A rising column of hot mantle rock. |
| half-life | The time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay. |
| radioactivity | When unstable atoms give off energy or particles. |
| Radioactive decay | When unstable atoms break down into new atoms. |
| inner core | The solid center of Earth. |
| convergent boundary | Where plates push together. |
| mountain formation | When Earth’s forces push land upward to make mountains. |
| P (seismic) waves | Fast seismic waves that move through solids and liquids. |
| Slab-pull | When a sinking plate pulls the rest of the plate with it. |
| rift | A gap where land is pulling apart. |
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