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EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earthquake | a sudden & violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
| fault lines | A fault line is the surface expression of a fault, which is a crack or zone of fractures in the Earth's crust where two blocks of rock have moved relative to each other. |
| rock cycle | an idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion. |
| geoshpere | ny of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere. |
| asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| convection currents | Warm fluid rises, cool fluid sinks — this creates a continuous flow called a convection current. |
| pangea | Pangea was a supercontinent that existed from approximately 335 to 175 million years ago, comprising all of the world's current continents. a single ocean, began to break apart due to plate tectonics over millions of years |
| continents | A continent is a large, continuous landmass, either surrounded by ocean or connected to another landmass |
| minerals | A mineral is a naturally occurring, solid, inorganic element or compound that has a specific chemical composition and a regularly repeating internal atomic structure. |
| continental plates | A continental plate is a large, irregularly shaped slab of the Earth's lithosphere that forms continents and their submerged edges, composed primarily of lighter, thicker granitic rock |
| oceanic plates | Oceanic plates are tectonic plates primarily composed of oceanic crust, which lies beneath the ocean floor. |
| tsunamis | A tsunami is a series of powerful, long-wavelength ocean waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean, most commonly due to underwater earthquakes, but also from volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts |
| under water trench | An underwater trench is a long, narrow depression on the seafloor, formed at a convergent plate boundary where one tectonic plate slides beneath another (a process called subduction) |
| sesimograph | A seismograph is an instrument that measures and records ground motion, typically from earthquakes. |
| magnitude | In science, "magnitude" refers to the size, extent, or amount of a physical quantity, such as force, velocity, or the energy of an earthquake. |
| volcano | A volcano is an opening in a planet's surface or crust that allows molten rock (magma, which becomes lava on the surface), volcanic ash, and gases to escape from below the surface |
| magma & lava | Magma is molten rock found under the Earth's surface, while lava is the same molten rock that has erupted and is flowing on the Earth's surface. The key difference is location: magma is underground, and lava is on the surface. |
| crust | outer most layer of the earth |
| richtor scale | The Richter scale is a logarithmic scale that quantifies the magnitude of an earthquake by measuring the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph. |
| epicenter | the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. (direct middle) |
| divergent | Divergent BoundariesIn science, "divergent" describes something that moves apart or differs from a common origin. |
| continental drift | Continental drift is the theory that Earth's continents have slowly moved across the globe over millions of years from an original supercontinent, Pangaea, to their present-day positions. |
| Alfred Wegener | Alfred Wegener was a German meteorologist and geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift, which posited that the continents were once joined as a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart. |
| thermal | Thermal Convection: The process by which heat is transferred through fluids (like air or magma) due to the movement of warmer, less dense material rising and cooler, denser material sinking. |
| mantle | Mantle: The thick layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core, responsible for the movement of tectonic plates through convection. |
| seismic waves | Waves of energy that travel through Earth’s layers, generated by earthquakes or other disturbances. |
| outer core | The liquid layer of Earth's core, composed mostly of molten iron and nickel. |
| transform boundary | A tectonic boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally, causing earthquakes. |
| unstable isotopes | Isotopes of elements that undergo radioactive decay over time. |
| volcanism | The eruption of magma from the Earth's interior onto the surface, forming volcanoes and other features. |
| seafloor spreading | The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at divergent boundaries as magma rises and solidifies along mid-ocean ridges. |
| S waves | S (Seismic) Waves: Secondary seismic waves that are shear waves and only travel through solids, moving slower than P waves. |
| support for Wegener's proposed theory | Evidence such as similar fossils across continents, matching geological formations, and the fit of coastlines supported Wegener's idea. |
| ridge | A long, continuous mountain range on the ocean floor, often associated with seafloor spreading at divergent boundaries. |
| isotope | Variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, leading to different atomic masses. |
| convection | The transfer of heat through fluid motion, where warm fluid rises and cool fluid sinks. |
| asthensphere | A semi-fluid layer within the Earth's mantle that allows tectonic plates to move. It's located beneath the lithosphere. |
| fossil | Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms, often used in geology to understand Earth's history. |
| density | The mass of an object per unit volume, which influences the movement of tectonic plates (denser materials sink). |
| divergent boundary | A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other, often leading to seafloor spreading. |
| subduction | The process by which one tectonic plate is forced beneath another at a convergent boundary, often forming deep ocean trenches or volcanic arcs. |
| mantle convection | The movement of the Earth's mantle driven by heat from the inner core, influencing tectonic plate motion. |
| lava | Molten rock that reaches the Earth's surface during a volcanic eruption. |
| ductile | Materials that can be deformed or stretched without breaking, such as rocks in the Earth's mantle. |
| magnitude | A measure of the energy released by an earthquake, typically measured on the Richter Scale or Moment Magnitude Scale. |
| plume | A column of hot, rising material from the Earth's mantle, often associated with volcanic hotspots like those beneath Hawaii. |
| half-life | The time required for half of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay into another element. |
| thermal convection | Thermal Convection: The process by which heat is transferred through fluids (like air or magma) due to the movement of warmer, less dense material rising and cooler, denser material sinking. |
| radioactive decay | The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation, leading to the transformation of the element into a different element. |
| inner core | The solid, dense center of the Earth made mostly of iron and nickel, located beneath the outer core. |
| convergent boundary | A tectonic boundary where two plates move toward each other, often resulting in subduction, mountain building, or earthquakes |
| mountain formation | The process by which mountains are created, usually by the collision of tectonic plates at convergent boundaries. |
| P waves | Primary seismic waves that are compressional and travel through both solids and liquids, moving faster than S waves. |
| stab-pull | A mechanism of plate tectonics where the subducting plate pulls the rest of the plate along due to its dense, sinking motion. |
| rift | A crack or fissure in the Earth's surface, often where tectonic plates are pulling apart, such as the East African Rift. |
| radioactivity | The process by which unstable atomic nuclei decay and release energy in the form of radiation. |
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