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EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Rock cycle | The continuous process of rocks changing from one type to another through geological processes |
| Plate tectonics | The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into large slabs of rock, called tectonic plates, that move and float on a hotter, more fluid layer of rock beneath them |
| Geosphere | The solid part of Earth, from its surface to its core, including all rocks, soil, and landforms. |
| Convection currents | Cycles of movement in fluids (like air or water) where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler, denser fluid sinks. |
| Asthenosphere | The soft, semi-fluid layer of the Earth's upper mantle, located below the rigid lithosphere. This is a "plastic-like" layer. |
| Mantle | The thick layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core that makes up about 84% of the planet's volume. |
| Lithosphere | The rigid, outer layer of Earth, consisting of the crust and the upper part of the mantle. |
| Crust | The hard, solid outermost layer of the Earth. It's the thin, rocky shell we live on, made of rocks like granite (continental crust) and basalt (oceanic crust). |
| Pangea | A supercontinent that existed about 335 to 175 million years ago, containing nearly all of Earth's landmass in a single, giant landmass. |
| Earthquakes | The shaking of the Earth's surface that occurs when tectonic plates suddenly slip past each other along a fault. |
| Richter scale | A scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake by quantifying the energy it releases. |
| Fault lines | A fracture in the Earth's crust along which tectonic plates move. |
| Seismograph | An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Magnitude | Is a quantitative measurement of the seismic energy released at the earthquake's source. |
| Volcano | Is a quantitative measurement of the seismic energy released at the earthquake's source. |
| Alfred Wegener | German meteorologist and geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. |
| Theory | A well-substantiated explanation for a natural phenomenon that is supported by a vast body of evidence, facts, laws, and tested hypotheses. |
| Epicenter | The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus (or hypocenter) of an earthquake. |
| Molten | A solid substance, like rock, metal, or glass, that has been liquefied by extreme heat and is in a state of fusion. |
| Rocks/Minerals | A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a distinct chemical composition and a specific crystalline structure. A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals, or a body of mineral-like matter. |
| Lava | Molten rock that erupts from a volcano or a fissure on a planet's surface. |
| Magma | Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling. |
| Thermal energy | The total internal energy of a substance due to the random movement of its atoms and molecules. |
| Divergent | Moving apart or differing from a standard, with key definitions in plate tectonics and evolution. |
| Continental drift | The theory that the Earths continents have moved across the surface over millions of years. |
| Thermal | Relating to heat |
| Seismic waves | An elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other mean. |
| Transform boundary | A type of tectonic plate boundary where two plates slide horizontally past each other. |
| Unstable isotopes | A variant of a chemical element with a nucleus that is pron to spontaneous radioactive decay. |
| Volcanism | Geological process of magma moving from the earths interior to the surface causing volcanoes and other features through eruptions. |
| Seafloor spreading | The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid ocean ridges and pushed away as tectonic plates diverge. |
| S (seismic) waves | Seismic body waves that travel through the Earth's interior after P-waves. |
| Support for Wegener's proposed theory | Based of evidence from the continents fitting like puzzle pieces and matching fossils plants and animals. |
| Ridge | A long narrow hilltop, mountain range or watershed. |
| Isotope | A version of a chemical element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
| Convection | The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat. |
| Fossil | The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| Density | How tightly packed something is. |
| Divergent boundary | Plates move apart. |
| Subduction | One plate sinks beneath another. |
| Mantle convection | Movement in the mantle caused by hot rising and cool sinking. |
| Tsunamis | Huge waves caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanoes. |
| Ductile | Can bend without breaking. |
| Magnitude | The size or strength of an earthquake. |
| Trench | Deep underwater valley formed by subduction. |
| Plume | Rising column of hot rock in the mantle. |
| Half-life | Time for half of a radioactive substance to decay. |
| Thermal convection | Heat causes material to rise when hot and sink when cool. |
| Tectonic plates | Large pieces of Earth’s crust that move. |
| Radioactivity | Energy released from unstable atoms. |
| Radioactive decay | When unstable atoms break down and release energy. |
| Inner core | Solid metal center of Earth. |
| Convergent boundary | Plates move toward each other. |
| Rock cycle | The process of rocks changing over time. |
| Mountain formation | When land is pushed up to form mountains. |
| Seismograph | A machine that records earthquake waves. |
| Epicenter | The point on Earth’s surface above the earthquake start. |
| Magma | Melted rock inside Earth. |
| P (seismic) waves | Fast earthquake waves that move through solids and liquids. |
| Alfred Wegener | Scientist who proposed continental drift. |
| Slab pull | A sinking plate pulls the rest of the plate with it. |
| Rift | A gap where land or plates are pulling apart. |
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