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Sofia Colon EES 2.1
EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Geosphere | The geosphere is the solid, rocky part of Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It includes all rocks, minerals, landforms like mountains and volcanoes, and the soil. |
| Rock cycle | The rock cycle is the continuous process by which rocks are created, changed from one form to another, and destroyed. It describes how the three main rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |
| Convection currents | In plate tectonics, convection currents are the slow, circular movement of hot, molten rock (magma) in the mantle, which is driven by heat from Earth's core. |
| Pangaea | Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed roughly 335 to 175 million years ago, containing nearly all of the Earth's landmasses in one giant landmass. It eventually broke apart, and its pieces drifted to form the continents we see today. |
| Mantle | In plate tectonics, the mantle is the thick, hot layer of rock between the Earth's crust and the core that flows slowly, moving the tectonic plates that float on top of it. |
| Drifting | drifting refers to the slow, continuous movement of the continents as they ride on large, solid slabs of Earth's outer layer called tectonic plates. This process is more scientifically known as continental drift. |
| Continents | In plate tectonics, continents are large landmasses sitting on top of, and moving with, tectonic plates, which are fractured pieces of Earth's crust. |
| Earthquakes | An earthquake is the sudden shaking of the Earth's crust caused by the abrupt release of stress that has built up along tectonic plate boundaries. |
| Theory | A theory is a well-supported explanation for something observed in the world, based on evidence and the scientific method. |
| Crust | The Earth's crust is the thin, solid, outer layer of the planet that is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. |
| Fault line | A fault line is a fracture in the Earth's crust where tectonic plates move past each other, causing stress to build up and eventually release in the form of an earthquake. |
| Magma | Magma is molten rock found beneath Earth's surface that is generated by plate tectonics at areas where plates move apart or where one plate slides under another. |
| Seismograph | A seismograph is an instrument that detects and records the vibrations, or seismic waves, that travel through the Earth. |
| Alfred Wegener | Alfred Wegener was a geophysicist who proposed the theory of continental drift, which stated that the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since moved apart. |
| Boundaries | Plate boundaries are the edges where tectonic plates meet, and they are zones of intense geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes. |
| Magnitude | A measure of strength or size of an earthquake, usually determined by the energy released. |
| Molten | Rock or metal that has been melted by heat and is in a liquid state. |
| Thermal energy | The total energy of moving particles in a substance, which we feel as heat. |
| Divergent | A type of tectonic plate boundary where plates move away from each other creating new crust. |
| Convergent | A tectonic plate boundary where plates move towards each other often causing mountains, earthquakes or volcanoes |
| Volcano | An opening in the earths crust where magma and gases erupt to the surface |
| Thermal | Related to heat or temperature often referring to energy or processes involving heat |
| Continental drift | The theory that the earths continents have slowly moved overtime across the surface of a planet once forming a single supercontinent called Pangea. |
| Seismic waves | Waves of energy that travel through Earth during an earthquake. |
| Geosphere | All of the solid parts of the Earth, including rocks, soil, mountains, and the crust. |
| Outer core | The liquid layer of earth beneath the mantle made of molten iron and nickel responsible for the earths magnetic field |
| Transform boundary | A plate boundary where plates slide horizontally past one another. |
| Unstable isotopes | Atoms with unstable nuclei that break down over time. |
| Richter Scale | A scale used to measure the magnitude (energy) of earthquakes. |
| Volcanism | – All processes that bring magma to the surface, forming volcanoes. |
| Seafloor spreading | Process where new ocean floor forms at mid-ocean ridges as plates pull apart. |
| S ( seismic ) waves | Slower seismic waves that move the ground side-to-side; only move through solids. |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | Evidence like matching fossils, rock formations, and coastlines showing continents were once connected. |
| Ridge | An underwater mountain chain formed at divergent boundaries. |
| Isotopes | – Forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
| Convection | Circular movement caused by hotter, less dense material rising and cooler material sinking. |
| Asthenosphere | A soft, partially molten layer of the mantle that tectonic plates move over. |
| Pangea | A supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago before splitting apart. |
| Fossils | Preserved remains or imprints of ancient organisms. |
| Density | How compact matter is; mass divided by volume |
| Divergent boundary | A boundary where tectonic plates move away from each other. |
| Subduction | When one tectonic plate sinks beneath another into the mantle. |
| Mantle convection | Heat-driven circulation in the mantle that helps move tectonic plates. |
| Tsunamis | Extremely large sea waves caused by underwater earthquakes or eruptions. |
| Fault lines | – Cracks in Earth’s crust where movement occurs during earthquakes. |
| Lava | Molten rock that flows on Earth’s surface. |
| Ductile | Able to stretch, bend, or deform without breaking. |
| Trench | A deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor formed at subduction zones. |
| Plume | A rising column of hot rock from the deep mantle. |
| Half-life | The time it takes for half the atoms in a radioactive isotope to decay. |
| Thermal convection | Movement caused by heat that creates rising and sinking currents. |
| Tectonic plates | Large, rigid pieces of Earth’s lithosphere that move over the mantle. |
| Radioactivity | The release of energy and particles from unstable atomic nuclei. |
| Radioactive decay | When unstable atoms naturally break down into more stable forms. |
| Inner core | – Earth’s solid, extremely hot center made mostly of iron and nickel. |
| Convergent boundary | A boundary where two plates collide, forming mountains or causing subduction. |
| P ( seismic) waves | Fast seismic waves that move in a push–pull motion; travel through solids and liquids.– |
| Mountain formation | The building of mountains through plate collisions, uplift, and folding. |
| seismograph | An instrument that detects and records the strength and duration of seismic waves. |
| epicenter | The point of earth surface directly above the focus of an earthquake, where shaking is usually the strongest. |
| Slab-pull | A force where a sinking plate pulls the rest of the plate downward into the mantle. |
| Rift | A long narrow crack or valley in the earths crust when tectonic plates pull apart |
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