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EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Thermal | The total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules within a substance due to their random motion |
| Mantle | The thick layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core |
| Continental drift | The scientific theory that Earth's continents have moved over geological time relative to each other |
| Seismic waves | Energy waves that travel through Earth and are generated by events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or explosions |
| geosphere | Any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere. |
| Outer core | The liquid layer of Earth's interior located between the mantle and the solid inner core, mainly composed of molten iron and nickel |
| Transform boundary | A type of tectonic plate boundary where two plates slide horizontally past each other |
| Unstable isotopes | An atom whose nucleus has too many or too few neutrons to be stable |
| Earthquakes | The sudden shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the release of energy as a result of a sudden slip on a fault |
| Richter Scale | A logarithmic scale for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves |
| volcanism | The process of molten rock (magma) erupting from the Earth's interior to its surface, resulting in the formation of volcanoes and other geological features |
| Seafloor spreading | The process where new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other |
| S (seismic) waves | Waves that shake the ground perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling, similar to a rope shaking side-to-side |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | Jigsaw-like fit of continents, matching fossil distributions across oceans, identical rock formations and mountain ranges on separate continents, and paleoclimatic data like evidence of ancient glaciers in warm areas and tropical plants in polar regions |
| ridge | A long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed. |
| isotope | A variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus |
| convection | The movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat. |
| asthenosphere | The upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| pangea | A supercontinent that existed from about 335 to 200 million years ago, comprising all the world's landmasses in one giant landmass |
| fossil | The remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| density | The degree of compactness of a substance. |
| Divergent boundary | A tectonic plate boundary where two plates are moving away from each other |
| subduction | The sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. |
| Mantle convection | The slow, circular movement of Earth's semi-molten mantle, driven by heat from the core |
| tsunamis | A series of long-wavelength ocean waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of the sea, most commonly due to undersea earthquakes, but also potentially from volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorites |
| Fault lines | A line on a rock surface or the ground that traces a geological fault |
| lava | Hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this |
| ductile | Able to be drawn out into a thin wire. |
| magnitude | The great size or extent of something |
| trench | A long, narrow ditch |
| plume | A column of something rising from a source |
| half-life | The time it takes for a quantity of a substance undergoing exponential decay to be reduced by half |
| Thermal convection | The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (a liquid or gas) |
| Tectonic plates | Large, rigid slabs of the Earth's lithosphere that move slowly over the asthenosphere |
| radioactivity | The spontaneous emission of energetic particles or electromagnetic rays from an unstable atomic nucleus as it undergoes nuclear decay to become more stable |
| Radioactive decay | The process where an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays, to become more stable |
| Inner core | The solid, innermost layer of Earth, primarily a metallic ball of iron and nickel located at the center of the planet |
| Convergent boundary | A location where two tectonic plates move toward each other, colliding and often causing one plate to be forced under the other |
| Rock cycle | A continuous geological process describing how the three main rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—transform from one type to another over time |
| Mountain formation | The scientific term for the geological processes that create mountains, primarily driven by the movement of Earth's tectonic plates |
| seismograph | An instrument used to measure and record ground vibrations from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic events |
| epicenter | The point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake |
| magma | hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling. |
| P (seismic) waves | the fastest seismic waves and are the first to be detected after an earthquake. |
| Alfred Wegener | German meteorologist, geophysicist, and polar researcher (1880–1930) best known for proposing the theory of continental drift |
| slab-pull | the geological process where a cold, dense oceanic tectonic plate sinks into the Earth's mantle at a subduction zone, and its weight pulls the rest of the plate behind it |
| rift | a linear zone where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart |
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