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EES 2.11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Convection Currents | Process that involves the movement of energy from one place to another |
| Geosphere | The solid, rocky part of the Earth, extending from the surface down to the core. It includes all rocks, landforms like mountains and beaches, and the planet's internal layers |
| Rock Cycle | The continuous process by which the three major rock types—igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—are formed, broken down, and reformed into new rocks |
| Earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
| Fault Line | line on a rock surface or the ground that traces a geological fault |
| Volcano | a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust. |
| Plate Tectonic | a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. |
| Pangea | the ancient supercontinent, comprising all the present continents joined together |
| Theory | a well-reasoned explanation for facts and observations, often based on scientific evidence and the scientific method |
| Magnitude | the simple measure of size or extent, used to describe the scale of something. |
| Seismograph | an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| Richter Scale | a formula based on the amplitude of the largest wave recorded on a specific type of seismometer and the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer |
| Epicenter | the point on the Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake originates. |
| Lithosphere | the rigid, outermost layer of Earth, composed of the crust and the upper part of the mantle |
| Molten Rock | a general term for hot, melted rock that can be found either beneath the Earth's surface (magma) or on the surface after erupting from a volcano (lava) |
| Magma | hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling. |
| Lava | molten or partially molten rock that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet or a moon onto its surface. |
| Thermal Energy | the total kinetic energy of the particles within a substance, caused by their random motion. |
| Divergent | moving or extending in different directions from a common point |
| Convergent | moving towards or meeting at some common point. |
| Primary Wave | the first and fastest seismic waves to arrive during an earthquake |
| Secondary Wave | a type of seismic wave that travels through the Earth's interior, causing shaking perpendicular to its direction of motion |
| Flow | to move along or out steadily and continuously in a current or stream. |
| Continents | any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America). |
| Alfred Wegner | a German climatologist, geologist, geophysicist, meteorologist, and polar researcher. |
| Continental Drift | the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time. |
| Rocks | solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans. |
| Fossils | any preserved remains, impression, or trace of a living thing from a past geological age, such as a bone, shell, or footprint |
| thermal | relating to heat. |
| Unstable isotopes | an atom with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously decays over time by emitting radiation |
| radioactivity | the emission of ionizing radiation or particles caused by the spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. |
| Radioactive decay | the spontaneous process where an unstable atomic nucleus transforms to a more stable state by emitting energy in the form of particles or waves, known as ionizing radiation |
| Mountain formation | the geological process that builds mountains through tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, and erosional forces over millions of years |
| S (seismic) waves | secondary shear waves that shake the ground from side to side, perpendicular to the direction they are traveling |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | the jigsaw-puzzle fit of continents, similar fossil discoveries across oceans, matching rock types and geologic structures |
| ridge | a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed. |
| isotope | a form of a chemical element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| density | the degree of compactness of a substance. |
| Divergent boundary | a tectonic plate boundary where two plates are moving away from each other, creating new crust as magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap |
| subduction | the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. |
| Mantle convection | the slow, circular movement of Earth's semi-molten mantle caused by heat from the core |
| tsunamis | a long high sea wave caused by an earthquake, submarine landslide, or other disturbance. |
| Fault lines | fractures or zones of fractures in the Earth's crust where blocks of rock move past each other, caused by tectonic plate activity |
| lava | hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this. |
| ductile | able to be drawn out into a thin wire. |
| magnitude | a measure of the size, extent, or quantity of something, often without regard to direction |
| trench | a long, narrow ditch. |
| plume | a column or stream of a fluid (like air or water) carrying a pollutant or a thermal difference from a source |
| half-life | the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value. |
| Thermal convection | the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases) caused by the physical movement of the fluid itself |
| Tectonic plates | the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases) caused by the physical movement of the fluid itself |
| Inner core | the solid, innermost layer of Earth, composed primarily of iron and nickel |
| Convergent boundary | a location where two tectonic plates move toward each other and collide |
| Rock cycle | the continuous process by which rocks change from one type to another |
| P (seismic) waves | the fastest seismic waves generated during an earthquake, arriving first at a seismograph |
| slab-pull | the gravitational force exerted by a sinking tectonic plate at a subduction zone that pulls the rest of the plate along with it |
| rift | a crack, split, or break in something |
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