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EES 2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| geosphere | the solid Earth, encompassing its internal layers (crust, mantle, and core) and its surface features like rocks, minerals, and landforms. |
| faultline | a line on a rock surface or the ground that traces a geological fault. |
| earthquake | a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action. |
| plate boundaries | where tectonic plates meet, and there are three main types: divergent, where plates move apart; convergent, where plates collide; and transform, where plates slide past one another. |
| magma | hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling. |
| convection | the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) |
| guy who found tectonic plates | alfred wegener |
| rock cycle | geological process where rocks are created, destroyed, and transformed from one type to another, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. |
| plate tectonics | Earth's outermost layer, the lithosphere, is divided into large, rigid plates that move slowly over the hotter, more mobile asthenosphere |
| continent | any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America). |
| pangea | supercontinent that existed on Earth (land all together) |
| kinetic energy | energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. |
| theory | a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. |
| seismograph | an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration. |
| magnitude | the great size or extent of something. |
| lava | hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this. |
| epicenter | the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. |
| molten | (especially of materials with a high melting point, such as metal and glass) liquefied by heat. |
| thermal energy | the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules within a substance due to their random motion, such as vibration, rotation, and translation. |
| divergent | tending to be different or develop in different directions. |
| grand unifying theory | a theory in physics to unify the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces into a single force at high energies. |
| volcanoes | a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust. |
| continental drift | theory that the continents have slowly moved across the Earth's surface over millions of years |
| convergent | coming closer together, like in plate tectonics. |
| thermal | relating to heat. |
| thermal convection | the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (like a liquid or gas), driven by differences in density caused by temperature variations. |
| mantle | Earth's thick, rocky layer between the crust and the core |
| asthenosphere | the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur. |
| radioactivity | the spontaneous emission of energetic particles and electromagnetic rays from the nucleus of unstable atoms |
| seismic waves | an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means. |
| fossil | the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
| radioactive decay | the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation, transforming the original atom into a different element or isotope |
| density | the degree of compactness of a substance. |
| inner core | the solid, innermost layer of Earth, located at the center and made primarily of a nickel-iron alloy. |
| outer core | the liquid layer of Earth's interior located between the mantle and the inner core. |
| divergent boundary | a tectonic plate boundary where two plates are moving away from each other, creating new crust as magma rises from the Earth's mantle to fill the gap. |
| convergent boundary | where two tectonic plates collide, which can lead to subduction (one plate sliding under another) or collision |
| transform boundary | a type of tectonic plate boundary where two plates slide horizontally past each other |
| subduction | the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. |
| rock cycle | a continuous geological process where rocks are created, destroyed, and transformed from one type to another, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks |
| unstable isotopes | has an unstable atomic nucleus due to an imbalance between protons and neutrons |
| mantle convection | the slow, circular movement of Earth's semi-molten mantle rock, driven by heat from the core |
| mountain formation | the process of mountain building, known as orogeny, driven primarily by the movement of tectonic plates |
| tsunami | powerful ocean waves caused by a large, sudden displacement of water, most often from an underwater earthquake, but also from volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorites |
| Richter scale | formula based on the amplitude of the largest wave recorded on a specific type of seismometer and the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer. |
| volcanism | volcanic activity or phenomena. |
| seafloor spreading | the formation of new areas of oceanic crust, which occurs through the upwelling of magma at mid ocean ridges and its subsequent outward movement on either side. |
| ductile | (of a metal) able to be drawn out into a thin wire. |
| P (seismic) waves | the first and fastest seismic waves to arrive during an earthquake. |
| S (seismic) waves | seismic waves that travel through solids by a shearing motion, shaking the ground perpendicular to the direction of travel. |
| magnitude | a number that measures the amount of energy released at the earthquake's source, |
| Support for Wegener’s proposed theory | evidence like the fit of continents (e.g., South America and Africa), identical fossils found on separate continents, matching rock formations and mountain ranges across oceans, and indicators of ancient climates in regions where they don't exist today. |
| trench | a long, narrow ditch |
| slab-pull | the gravitational force exerted by a subducting tectonic plate as it sinks into the Earth's mantle |
| ridge | a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed. |
| plume | a massive, upwelling column of abnormally hot rock material from deep within the Earth's mantle that rises to the surface |
| rift | break apart or become separated through faulting caused by plate tectonics. |
| isotope | a form of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, giving it a different atomic mass |
| half life | the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value. |
Created by:
ikapolchok27