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Chapter 15-16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Secularization | the process of shifting control and influence from religious authorities to civil and political authorities |
| Thirty Years' War | from 1618 to 1648. Began as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire, it evolved into a political struggle for power, eventually involving most major European powers like France, Sweden, and Spain. |
| Holy Roman Empire | a complex, decentralized political entity in Central Europe, characterized by the hereditary rule of the Habsburg dynasty, the power of local princes, and the impact of the Protestant Reformation |
| Absolutism | a political system in which a single monarch, or ruler, held supreme and unrestricted power over the state |
| Cardinal Richelieu | a French clergyman and statesman who served as the chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624 until his death in 1642 |
| King Louis XIV of France | the King of France from 1643 to 1715, and a defining symbol of absolute monarchy |
| Palace of Versailles | a royal hunting lodge built for Louis XIII, which was then massively expanded into a symbol of absolute monarchy by his son, Louis XIV, in the late 17th century |
| Prussia (Hohenzollern) | evolved from the territories of the Teutonic Knights into a dual state, Brandenburg-Prussia, through a process of dynastic expansion |
| Austria (Hapsburg) | the powerful, multinational collection of states and territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg |
| Russia (Romanov) | the period under the Romanov dynasty, which began in 1613 with the election of Michael Romanov as Tsar after the Time of Troubles |
| Dutch Republic | a federal republic of seven provinces that formed after revolting against Spanish rule |
| Ivan IV | the first Tsar of Russia and reigned from 1547 to 1584, though he became Grand Prince of Moscow at age three in 1533 |
| Time of Troubles | a period of severe political, social, and dynastic crisis in Russia between 1598 and 1613. It was marked by a succession crisis after the end of the Rurik dynasty, widespread famine, civil unrest, and foreign invasions |
| Peter the Great | the Tsar of Russia from 1682 until his death in 1725, known for modernizing Russia by adopting Western European ideas and technology |
| St. Petersburg | founded in 1703 by Peter the Great as part of his initiative to modernize Russia and establish a "window to the West" |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | the tenth sultan of the Ottoman Empire, whose rule is considered its "Golden Age" due to significant military expansion, major legal reforms, and a flourishing of arts and architecture |
| Puritans | a group of English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its perceived Catholic practices |
| English Civil War | a series of armed conflicts between 1642 and 1651, fought between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) over governance and religious freedom |
| Oliver Cromwell | an English military and political leader who was instrumental in the English Civil War, leading Parliament's forces to victory against the monarchy |
| Glorious Revolution | the 1688 overthrow of King James II of England by Parliament, which led to the accession of his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband, William III of Orange |
| Bill of Rights | a landmark act that limited the power of the monarchy and established rights for citizens and Parliament |
| Thomas Hobbes | defined a society's political structure through his social contract theory, arguing that individuals must surrender some freedoms to an absolute sovereign for protection and order |
| John Locke | defined key concepts like tabula rasa (the mind as a blank slate), natural rights (life, liberty, and property), and the social contract |
| Baroque | a European style of art, architecture, music, and dance characterized by grandeur, drama, movement, and emotional intensity |
| Rembrandt van Rijn | a leading Dutch painter, printmaker, and draughtsman of the Baroque period during the Dutch Golden Age |
| William Shakespeare | a renowned English playwright, poet, and actor, celebrated for his insight into human nature and his ability to write in all dramatic genres—tragedies, comedies, and histories |
| Jean-Baptist Moliere | Thought that comedy's purpose is to "correct men by amusing them". He sought to expose human folly and hypocrisy, not just to entertain, but to use ridicule as a tool for social and moral correction |
| Scientific Revolution | a period of fundamental transformation in scientific thought, replacing a reliance on ancient authority with a new emphasis on observation, experimentation, and reason |
| Claudius Ptolemy | an ancient Greco-Egyptian astronomer and geographer whose geocentric model of the universe and influential works like the Almagest were still foundational, though they were beginning to be challenged by the new heliocentric model |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | a Renaissance astronomer who developed the heliocentric model, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system, which contradicted the long-held geocentric view |
| Johannes Kepler | a German astronomer who formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which described how planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician who was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution |
| Isaac Newton | a foundational English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer, renowned for his laws of motion, the law of universal gravitation, and co-inventing calculus |
| William Harvey | Knew a lot about the heart. Defined blood flow as a circular, continuous motion, rather than the Galenic model of blood ebbing and flowing in separate arterial and venous systems |
| Rene Descartes | a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is considered the father of modern philosophy due to his emphasis on reason, foundational role in epistemology (the study of knowledge), and development of Cartesian doubt |
| Blaise Pascal | French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and philosopher known for his foundational work in probability theory, the principle of fluid pressure, and his philosophical exploration of the relationship between faith and reason |
| Francis Bacon | an English philosopher and statesman known for advocating the scientific method based on empiricism and inductive reasoning |
| Empiricism | a philosophical theory that knowledge comes exclusively from sensory experience and evidence |
| Rationalism | a philosophical movement that emphasized reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge, contrasting with the idea that knowledge comes from sensory experience. |
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travhuber10