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unit 2 study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| momentum | the product of an object's mass and velocity |
| acceleration | the rate at which an object's velocity changes |
| force | this causes a change in momentum, producing acceleration |
| mass | a measure of the amount of matter in an object |
| velocity | the combination of speed and direction of motion |
| weight | the net force that an object applies to its surroundings |
| speed | the rate at which an object moves (distance/time) |
| angular momentum | rotational momentum of a spinning or orbiting object mass x velocity x radius |
| conservation of momentum | the total momentum of a system remain constant in the absence of net force |
| temperature | a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance |
| polarization | describes the direction in which a light wave is vibrating |
| ionization | the process of stripping one or more electrons from an atom into plasma |
| emission line spectrum | thin or low density cloud of gas emits light only at specific wavelengths that depend on its composition and temperaure, producing a spectrum with bright lines |
| electromagnetic spectrum | the complete spectrum of light including radio waves infrared light visible light ultraviolet light x-rays and gamma rays |
| continuous spectrum | the spectrumm of a common lightbulb spans all visible wavelengths without interruption |
| electromagnetic wave | consists of waves of electric and magnetic fields |
| absorption line spectrum | a cloud of has between us and lightbulb can absorb light of specific wavelengths leaving dark lines in the spectrum |
| wave | pattern of motion that can carry energy without carrying matter along with it |
| photon | particle of light |
| reflecting telescope | telescope that uses mirrors to focus light |
| spectroscopy | the process of obtaining spectra or breaking light into spectra |
| refracting telescope | telescope that uses lenses to focus light |
| spectrograph | instrument is used to record spectra that separate the different wavelengths of light before they hit the detector |
| imaging | process of obtaining pictures of astronomical objects |
| time monitoring | measurement of how light output varies with time |
| 3 basic types of energy | kinetic, radiative, potential |
| kinetic | motion |
| radiative | light |
| potential | stored |
| conservation of energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
| 3 types of spectra | continuous, emission line, absorption line |
| how does light tell us the temp of planets and stars | large objects emit a continuous spectrum that depends on temperature |
| how does light tell us the speed of a distant object | doppler effect tells us how fast an object is moving toward or away from us |
| light collecting area | telescopes with a larger collecting area can gather a greater amount of light in a shorter time |
| angular resolution | telescopes that are larger are capable of taking images with greater detail |
| atmosphere affect ground observations | telescopes sits are chosen to minimize the problems of light pollution, atmospheric turbulence, and bad weather |
| why do we put telescopes into space | forms of light other than radio and radio do not pass through earths atmosphere |
| how can many telescopes work together | linking multiple telescopes using interferometry enables them to produce the angular resolution of a much larger telescope |
| newton effect | discovered laws of motion and gravitation |
| 1st law | law of inertia: objects moves at a constant velocity if no net force is acting |
| 2 law | law of acceleration: force - mass x acceleration |
| 3 law | law of interaction: for every force there is an equal and opposite reaction force |
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