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AP WORLD PERIOD II
1450-1750
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ottoman Empire | A Turkic group that used gunpowder to become the most powerful empire in Eastern Europe & the Middle East. They conquered the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople, all with gunpowder cannons |
| Janissaries | These are captured Balkan slave boys who were converted to Islam and trained to handle gunpowder. Due to gunpowder being one of the main reasons empires expanded, this group of people had high status |
| Timars | This is an Ottoman elite class. It is composed of men who served in the Ottoman military, they are given land for their service and are in constant competition with Janissaries for leadership |
| Millet System | This system allowed for people of different religions, mainly Judaism and Christianity, to practice their own religion and govern themselves as long as they paid taxes to the Ottoman Empire, this led to years of religious peace |
| Safavid Empire | This is a gunpowder empire that emerged in Persia, they used Shia Islam as a way to differentiate themselves from their Sunni Ottoman Empire rivals |
| Mughal Empire | This is a gunpowder empire that rules over most of India, they were initially very rich, but it is in decline towards the end of the period |
| Songhai Empire | This is an African land based empire where Mansa Musa previously ruled. This empire had control over West African trade routes, but by 1750 they were obsolete due to Coastal African kingdoms participating in slave trade |
| Miniature Paintings | These were small paintings found in the Ottoman and Mughal empires to show the high quality of life in the royal courts |
| Taj Mahal | This is a famous piece of Mughal architecture that had a lot of Islamic domes, arches, and minarets, it is a large tomb for a ruler's deceased wife |
| Zamindar | Occurring in India, it is political fragmentation that led to a lot of small territories, this allowed for territories to stay independent while paying taxes to leaders of empires who technically owned the land |
| Sufi Islam | This is a branch of Islam that was very important for converting Turks to Islam as this branch is less strict. |
| Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry | This is a rivalry that deepened the Sunni-Shia divide. A lot of wars took place because of this divide, and it also made people in the empires more likely to support their empire if they have a uniting cause |
| Iltizam System | This is the process of having a rich person bid on the chance to collect taxes, they could collect whatever amount they wanted and keep the excess as long as they paid the amount the Ottoman Empire requested |
| Tax Farming | These are the rich people that bid on the chance to collect taxes in the Ottoman empire, they did this under the Iltizam System |
| Jizya Tax | This is a historical tax imposed on non-Muslims for protection and the right to practice their own religion, Akbar the Great got rid of tax, causing a lot of religious peace |
| Sikhism | This is the 5th largest religion, it's beliefs are a mix of Hindu and Islamic beliefs, it was founded in the Mughal Empire as Hindus and Muslims realized that their Gods would not want them to fight and that combining beliefs would lead to peace |
| Caravel | The first type of European ship with lateen sails, made Atlantic Trade possible in Europe |
| Knowledge wind/currents | Europeans learned about how winds shift near the equator, improving Atlantic Ocean trade |
| Prince Henry Navigation School | This is state sponsored maritime exploration, this was done in Portugal to help with Atlantic Ocean trade |
| Atlantic System | This is a shift between Asia having the majority of trade and wealth systems, as now The Americas, Europe, and Africa control and have access to wealth |
| Smallpox | This is a European disease that spreads to the Americas and kills 90% of all Native Americans (along with measles, malaria, and influenza) |
| Potatoes | One of the most carb-rich foods from The Americas, it was brought to Europe and it greatly improved population |
| Rice | Along with okra, this food was brought to the Americas by slaves and it is planted in southern states |
| Colombian Exchange | This is the exchange of goods between the Old World and the New World, it is sometimes called the Triangular Trade. The trade included sending and taking crops and slaves to the new world which greatly hurt the environment of the Americas |
| Cash Crops | These are crops grown for the sole purpose of selling for profit rather than consuming, it is sugar now and will later be cotton |
| Deforestation | Due to destructive farming practices, more and more forests were cut down to make room for more crops, soil quality also decreased, hurting the environment in America |
| Vodon | Also known as voodoo, this is a mix of West African and Catholic beliefs that emerged in the West Indies, it is an example of religious syncretism in the Americas |
| Spanish Conquistadors | This is a group of people that came to the Americas and took over Inca and Aztec empires, they came looking for gold and silver that they sold in Asia |
| Imperial Conquest | This is what Spanish Conquistadors in the Americas did, they looked for gold and silver to sell to Asia, not for permanent settlements in the Americas |
| New Spain | This was the name of the Spanish colony in the New World, it is in the former Aztec and Inca empires and it was not a permanent settlement |
| Sugar | This is the biggest cash crop in the Americas, it grows in tropical regions and is very popular in Europe |
| Plantation System | This is the system in the Americas that was created to produce as many cash crops as possible using slave labor |
| Coerced Labor | This is slavery in the Americas, it originally starts with the Encomienda System with the Spanish, but changes to Chattel Slavery with the British |
| Encomienda | This is a Spanish form of slavery, it was labor based and it was used to farm, but it did not work as many Natives died from disease |
| Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | This is the trade between The Americas and Africa where slaves from Africa were taken to America to work, many died in the Middle Passage between continents |
| Domestic Slavery | This is slavery where (mainly) female slaves were sent to live across houses in Africa and Europe, they were able to make profits on their own and it was not generational |
| Chattel Slavery | This is slavery where it is generational, there is no way out and people are considered property |
| Spanish Silver | This was the main product that Spanish conquistadors sold back to Europe, it was acquired by forcing Native Americans into mines |
| New Elites | This is the title given to people who went to the new world for wealth. Previously, there was no social mobility, but by taking a risk and going to America, it could occur |
| Casta System | This was a system based on social hierarchy made by the Spanish Government to order people based on their ethnicity |
| Creoles | These are fully European people born in the Americas |
| Mesitzos | These are a mix of European and Native Americans |
| Spanish Cultural Mixing | This process occurred because when Spain came to the Americas only men were brought, so there was interracial mixing for the Spanish |
| British North America | Due to the British bringing families they had very little interracial mixing |
| Pueblo Revolt | This is one of the largest revolts in the new world where Pueblo people killed Spanish priests that forced them to convert to Christianity previously |
| Portuguese Trading Posts | These are colonies by the Portuguese that utilize racial slavery to produce sugar, normalizing racism |
| Price Henry | Made a Navigation School in Portugal to encourage and educate people to participate in Atlantic Ocean Trade |
| Christopher Columbus | This is an Italian explorer who was funded by Portugal to go to find spices in Asia, he instead finds the Americas and starts trade between the Old and New World |
| Dutch Trading Posts | These are made along Western African coastlines, later posts were made in the Americas, Indonesia, and India |
| Asante Empire | This was an empire of 20 different African tribes, they became very powerful by trading other African slaves for guns. |
| Golden Stool | This is the symbol of the Asante Empire, the ruler, Osei Tutu, used this symbol to claim and justify his divine right to rule |
| Divine Right | This is the idea, mostly practiced in Europe that any ruler was chosen by God, and therefore could not be questioned |
| Absolutism | This is a system of ruling where a ruler has all the power with no one to balance it out |
| Palace of Versailles | This is an enormous palace made built for Louis XIV, it shows his (and France’s wealth) as a result of the end Feudalism |
| Protestant Reformation | This is process of former Catholics wanting to power to read the Bible for themselves, this movement is spearheaded by Martin Luther who also claims that the Catholic Church is going against the Bible |
| Printing Press | This is a piece of Chinese technology that was brought to Europe and it greatly helped to spread Martin Luther’s ideas against the Catholic Church |
| Trading Post Empire | Due to European powers not being powerful enough to have their own empires in Africa and Asia, they instead established trading posts around coasts which greatly increased profits for all involved |
| New Global Economy | This is the first time that the economy was truly global as the Old and New Worlds were interacting with each other, Spanish Silver from the Americas is used as currency |
| Joint-stock Companies | This is essentially the first stock market. People would invest in ships going to trade in hopes of getting some of the riches, this helps support future endeavors and was mostly used by the Dutch and the British |
| Mercantilism | This is the economic strategy that Europe used and it made it so colonies could only trade with the mother country. The goal was to have more exports than imports |
| British East India Company | This is a joint-stock company that had a rivalry with the Dutch East India Co. over control of trade, this company was successful which led to more jobs and increased trade |
| Dutch East India Company | This is a joint-stock company that had a rivalry with the British East India Co. over control of trade, this company acted like mini-governments, waging war and having armies, this was successful and led to increased trade |
| Czar | This is the term for a Russian Ruler. This term starts to be used when Russia becomes a unified empire and expanding, as Russia expands, they don’t enforce racist policies and they allow for religious freedom |
| Manchus | These are nomadic people who took control of China after the Ming Dynasty and made the Qing Dynasty. They expand China and reject European Influence |
| Isolationism | This is what is practiced by Japan and China. This stops, or severely limits foreign trade, this happens in both situations because these countries were under new rulers |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | This is a new form of government in Japan that severely restricts foreign trade, it has a military dictator and this form of government will harm Japan technologically in the future |
| Nanny of the Maroons | This is a woman born in West Africa, who, after being enslaved and sent to the Americas, revolts and is granted her own land in the wilderness |
| Queen Njinga | This is a Ndongo Queen who after ending a trade relationship with the Portuguese, allied with the Dutch, allowing her to remain very wealthy and powerful |
| Louis XIV | This is a ruling King in France who claimed to have divine right to rule and ruled with absolutism |
| Martin Luther | This is a German Monk who demanded that people should be able to read the Bible for themselves, leading to Protestant Christianity |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | This is the man who established anti-foreign trade systems and the new government in Japan, he established this due to a weakened government from civil wars |
Created by:
SadUrn