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Psychology exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discovered Classical conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov |
| What was the original study? | Pavlov measured the amount of saliva produced in response to food but realized the dog salivated by the taste of food and the sight of it plus the bowl and the sound of the footsteps |
| What are the stages of classical conditioning | before, during, and after |
| what happenes before classical conditioning | Unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response and then the neutral stimulus elicts no response ex: meat powder(USC) to Salvation(UCR) then tone(NS)= no response |
| during classical conditioning | A neutral stimulus (NS) is presented immediately before an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that produces an unconditioned response (UCR) ex: Tone(NS)+ Meat Powder(UCS) =Salvation(UCR) |
| After classical conditioning | The previously neutral stimulus(NS) now becomes the conditioned stimulus(CS) that elicits the conditioned response(CR) ex:Tone(CS)=Salvation(CR) |
| What was Pavlovs contribution | He descovered the principles of classical conditioning by experimenting with a salivating dog |
| What did J.B Watson do | he expanded classical conditioning to humans and found behaviorism |
| Whats the difference between classical and operant conditioning | classical = something in the environment triggers a reflex automatically and organisms are trained to react to different stimulus, operant= organisms learn to associate behaviorand its consequences |
| Who is B.F Skinner and what did he do. | psychologist who proposed a theory about how behaviors come about called, believed that behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior(law of effect) |
| What is positive reinforcement | something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior |
| what is negative reinforcement | something is removed to increaces the likelihood of a behavior |
| What is positive punishment | something is added to decrease the liklihood of a behavior |
| what is negative punishment | something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior |
| What are partial intervals of reinforcement | a person or animal does not get reinforced everytime they perform a desired behavior |
| What is more effective and why | positive reinforcement is more effective because a desirable stimulus is added to oncrease a behavior |
| what is shaping | when successive approximations of behavior are rewarded |
| what is successive apprroximations | shaping |
| what is extinction, | is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus |
| what is spontaneous recovery | the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period |
| What purpose does sleep serve | builds/nourishes physical + mental health, sooths emotions, eases stress, fights dementia, stocks your memory banks, helps with weight maintenance and weight loss |
| What sleep cycle do humans have | Endogenous circadian rhythm- based on a 24 hour cycle |
| How does our brain process light cues | The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retnia provide into to the SCN based on the amount of light present allowing the internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world |
| What is a chronotype | Individual differences in circadian patterns of activity |
| what does a typical cycle of sleep look like | Non-REM1, Non-REM2, Nom-REM3, NREM2,NREM1, REM |
| How active is the brain in each stage | NREM1=relaxed yet awake, NREM2=deep relaxation sleep spindles, NREM3= deep sleep/slow-wave sleep |
| What does REM sleep stand for | Rapid Eye movement |
| What happens during REM and why is it called paradoxical sleep | dreaming occurs, rapid eye movements brain waves are similar to when a person is awake and is called paradoxical because the body doesnt move during this stage |
| What are some theories about why sleep | We are safest at night so we need to stay hidden(evolutionary), memory consolidation(cognitive functioning), growth hormones clearing out toxic metabolic byproducts which build up throughout the day from normal brain function(Repair and Restore) |
| what are some physical and psycological effects of sleep deprivation | physical= weaker immune system, speeds up aging, risk of diabetes, weight gain, irritability, hallucinations, psychological= decreased concentration/focus/ memory abilities, depression, alcoholism, suicide, moodiness and emotionality |
| What are some sleep disorders | insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleeptalking |
| what are some theories about why we dream pt 1 | Psychoanalytic(Freud)=Dreams were a means to the unconscious(manifest content=actual dreamed content, Latent content=what it symbolizes) Rosalind Cartwright= dreams reflect life events that are important to the dreamer, |
| What are the three processes of memory | Encode, store and retrieve |
| What are three types of encoding | Acoustic= sounds,words,music, Semantic=words+meanings, Visual=images, |
| What are the three stages of storage | Sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory |
| How many items can we store in short term memory | 5-9 |
| How do we get info from short term to long term store | With rehearsal aka practicing the info remembered to move it to long term, chunking, mnemonic devices, PEG-words |
| what types of info do we store in long term memory | all the things you can remember that happened more than a few minuets ago |
| Where is memory housed in the brain | amygdala, hippocampus,cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex |
| what are some reasons we forget | encoding failures=dont learn the info in first place, decay=mem fade over time, inadequate retrieval cues=lack sufficient reminders, interference=other men get in the way, trying not to remember= attempts to keep things out of mind |
| What is a serial position curve, What parts of memory does it represent | a curve that demonstrates that people recall items at the beginning and end of a lists better than those in the middle, interaction between short term and long term memory |
| What are three stages of prenatal developmenrt | Zygotic, Embryonic, Fetal |
| Which stage is most critical and why | Stage 2-Embryonic because embryo is most vulnerable to teratogens(any agent that causes damage to the embryo) |
| What reflexes exist in a newborn | rooting, sucking,grasping, moro reflex |
| What purpose do reflexes serve and what can they tell us about brain development | survival, foundation for voluntary movement, neurological status |
| What are three motor milestones | Sitting up at 6 months, crawling at 7 months, and walking at 12 months |
| How does piaget say we learn | we learn by interacting with our enviornment as we grow |
| What is a schema and how does assimilation and accommodation help us learn | schema=mental model, assimilation adds to what is known and accommodation is changing the scheme to fit new info |
| What did Harlow and his research with the monkeys show us about attachment | feelings of comfort and security are critical to maternal-infant bonding |
| What are three stages of attachment according to john bowlby | Indiscriminate 0-6m, specifit 6-12m, attachment to others 18m |
| What is the "strange situation" and what did Ainsworth tell us about attachment | the mom of baby are both in a room with toys and they spend some time together then a stranger enters the room and mom leaves baby with stranger then resturns to comfort baby, children differ ways they bond, secure,avoidant,resistant,disorganized |
| What are the 4 types of parenting styles | Authoritaive=high in control/warmth, authoritarian=high in control/low in warmth, permissive=low in control/high in warmth, neglectful=low in control/warmth |
| What are some of the stages in Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development | trust vs mistrust = infancy - 1 year, autonomy vs shame/doubt=1-3yrs, initiative vs guilt= 3-6 yrs, competence vs inferiority= 6-puberty |
| theories about why we dream pt 2 | Threat simulation= we practice what will keep us alive from an evolutionary perspective, Expectation-fulfilment theory= discharge emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day, Activation-synthesis thoery=brains make sense of neuronal acti |
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