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Chem #5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons called? | Isotopes |
| What is the number of protons determined by? | The atomic number. |
| Which particle is considered negligible when determining the atomic mass? | Electron |
| What quantities are considered when determining the average atomic mass of an element? | The mass of an isotope and its natural abundance. |
| What was the experiment that discovered the electron? | Cathode ray tube |
| Who created the planetary model? | Neils Bohr |
| Who created the gold foil experiment? | Earnest Rutherford |
| Who determined the charge of an electron? | Robert Millikan |
| Who created the plum pudding model? | J.J. Thomson |
| Who discovered the nucleus and proved that neutrons exist? | James Chadwick |
| What was the experiment that discovered the nucleus? | The gold foil experiment |
| Who was the first to discuss the concept of atoms? | Democitus |
| Who created the cathode ray tube experiments? | J.J. Thomson |
| Who published a six part theory of the atom? | John Dalton |
| What was the experiment in which the charge of electrons was determined? | Oil Drop |
| What did Democritus do? | He was the first person to theorize atoms and say that everything is made up of tiny particles. |
| What did John Dalton do? | Proposed that all matter was created by small particles. Conducted experiments in order to prove his theory. |
| What did J.J. Thomson do? | He proposed the existence of electrons and said that there was a positively charged sphere and negatively charged electrons within it. Cathode Ray Tube |
| What did Robert Millikan do? | He provided a way to find an accurate measurement of the charge of a single electron. Oil Drop experiment. |
| What did Ernest Rutherford do? | Said atom has a small, positively charged nucleus at the center and it contains the most mass. Also has electrons orbiting around. Gold Foil Experiment. |
| What did Niels Bohr di? | Said that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed paths. Electrons can jump to a higher or lower energy level by absorbing or emitting energy. |
| What did James Chadwick do? | Discovered the neutron, which helped explain isotopes and helped clear up the structure of the nucleus. |
| Did Dalton believed atoms could be divided? | No, he believed they were the smallest units of matter and couldn't be divided. |
| Is the nucleus of an atom where most of the mass is concentrated? | Yes, the protons and neutrons are located there, and they make up most of the mass. |
| Was the plum pudding model the first to include subatomic particles? | Yes, until that point there had been no models that had particles, J.J. Thomson's was the first. |
| Is Bohr's model the current model of the atom we study today? | No, Bohr's model was proven incorrect and the quantum mechanical model is used today. |
| Is most of the atom empty space? | Yes, most of the atom is empty space. |
| In the gold foil experiment, did all the alpha particles pass through the foil? | No, not all the particles through the gold foil and some deflected and bounced back, which led to the discovery of the nucleus. |
| Was the charge of an electron determined by measuring how fast oil droplets fall due to gravity? | Yes. |
| What determines the identity of an element? | The atomic number and protons. |
| What in the atom is made up of protons and neutrons? | The nucleus. |
| Which two subatomic particles have the same atomic mass? | Protons and neutrons. |
| In the symbolic notation for isotopes what does the superscript stand for? What does the subscript stand for? | Superscript - atomic mass ; Subscript - atomic number |
| Know how to do numbers 35 and 37 on review. | :) |
| Know how to do number 38 on review. | :) |
| What determines which isotopes are stable? | The ratio of neutrons and protons. |
| What two quantities are conserved in nuclear reactions? | Atomic mass and atomic number. |
| Which elements go through alpha decay? | Those with atomic number greater than 83. |
| If an isotope has too many protons compared to the number of neutrons, which radioactive decay process is it likely to go through? | Electron capture or positron emission. |
| What is a beta particle? | An electron. |
| What is the mass of an alpha particle? | 4 amu |
| What happens in beta decay? (What turns into what?) | A neutron is turned into a proton. |
| Which type of radiation often accompanies other radioactive decay processes? | Gamma ray emission |
| What term refers to a change in the identity of the nucleus that results ina change in the number of protons? | Transmutation |
| What is the name of the graph that shows which isotopes are stable? | Band of Stability |
| A nuclear reaction affects what part of an atom? | The nucleus |
| What determines the rate of decay? | How unstable the nucleus is. (more unstable = faster decay) |
| Why do heavier elements need more neutrons than protons? | Since the protons repel each other, the neutrons are necessary to add binding force without additional repulsion, so more binding force is needed. |
| What is alpha decay? | The number of both protons and neutrons need to be reduced to increase stability. 4 / 2 He |
| What is beta decay? | Numbers of neutrons are decreased by converting a neutron into a proton. 0 / -1 e |
| What is positron emission? | Numbers of protons are decreased by converting a proton into a neutron by emitting a positive electron 0 / +1 e |
| What is electron capture? | An inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom, combines with a proton, and forms a neutron. TO THE LEFT OF THE ARROW 0 / -1 e |
| What is gamma emission | High energy electromagnetic waves emitted as the nucleus changes from an excited to a ground state. 0 / 0 γ |
| What is fission? | The splitting of a larger atom. DIVIDE |
| What is fusion? | A reaction in which two or more atoms combine to form one atom. COMBINE. |
| Know how to do decay equations, fission and fusion, and half life. | :) |
| Where does each decay happen on the graph? | Alpha decay happens when the atom is greater than 83, beta decay happens when there are too many neutrons compared to protons, and positron emission and electron capture happen when there's too many protons compared to electrons. |
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