Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BP: Property
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Present estate | : The owner has a present right of possession and right to use and enjoy the property. |
| PE: Fee simple Absolute | Infinite in duration; cannot be cut short; devisable and descendible. |
| PE: Defeasible Estate | May be cut short upon the occurrence of an event; devisable and descendible. |
| PE:DE: Fee Simple Deteminable | Is created using durational language (e.g., so long as during, while), automatically terminates, and is held in the grantor (i.e., possibility of reverter). |
| PE:DE: Fee simple subject to a condition Subsequent | : Is created using conditional language (e.g., provided that, but if) and requires express language reserving the future interest (e.g., right of reentry); claim of ownership must be asserted when the condition is broken. |
| PE:DE: Fee simple subject to an executory Limitation | : Is created using durational or conditional language and requires express language reserving the future interest in another grantee; the estate automatically terminates upon the occurrence of the stated condition |
| PE: Life Estate | limited in duration by the life of a person; automatically terminates and transfers to the future interest holder upon death; can be conveyed with a condition (i.e., determinable) and can be conveyed by the life tenant to another (i.e., pur autre vie). |
| PE: Fee Tail | : Is created when the conveyance confined the transfer of the property to the issue (children) of the first taker; but this estate is no longer recognized. |
| Duture Estates | Are not presently possessory but may become so in the future. |
| FE: G: Reversion | Is created when the grantor conveys less than the grantor’s entire estate, vests upon the expiration of the preceding estate, and does not need to be expressly reserved; freely alienable. |
| FE:G: Possibility of reverter | : Is created when the grantor transfers a determinable estate to the grantee that automatically reverts to the grantor once the condition occurs; alienable |
| FE: G: Right of reentry | s created when the grantor transfers a fee simple subject to a condition subsequent to a grantee and requires the grantor to exercise the power of termination in order to terminate the estate when the condition is broken |
| FE:SG: Remainders | : Become immediately possessory at the natural termination of a preceding estate and will not cut short the preceding estate. |
| FE: SG: Vested remainders | Is given to an ascertainable person and is not subject to any condition precedent; alienable and classified as (1) indefeasible (2) subject to partial divestment, or (3) subject to complete divestment (conditions can lead to termination of the estate). |
| FE:SG: Contingent Remainder | Is either (1) transferred to an unascertained person or (2) subject to a condition precedent; alienable. |
| FE:SG :Alternative Contingent remainder | Are a pair of remainders that have opposite conditions precedent in which one person will take if a condition is met, and another person will take if the condition fails; not transferable. |
| FE: SG: Executory Interest | s a future interest held by someone other than a grantor that divests the preceding interest or follows a gap that existed after the termination of the preceding interest; classified as (1) shifting (divesting another grantee), or (2) springing |
| Rules affecting the transfer of proeprty intrests | Worthier title, shelly case, destructibility, survivorship, class gift. |
| Doctrine of worthier title | presumption grantor did not intend to convey a future interest to the grantor’s own heirs but intended to retain the interest; applies when the grantor conveys property to a grantee and creates a remainder in the grantor’s own heirs; abolished in most |
| Rule in shelley case | Prevents creation of a remainder interest in the heirs of a grantee or devisee and has remainder in grantee ); applies when the grantor conveys property to a grantee and creates a remainder in the grantee’s heirs; abolished in most states. |
| Destructibillity of contingent remainders | A contingent remainder is destroyed if (1) the prior estate terminates before the remainder vests, or (2) the same person holds a present estate and future interest (i.e., intervening contingent remainders are destroyed); abolished in most states. |
| Conditions of Survivorship | If the grantor has placed an express condition of survivorship in the transfer, then the future interest may not be alienable by the grantee. |
| Class gift | Is a transfer that is made to a class of people; if there is a class gift for which some members have qualified but for which others may qualify in the future, the vested remainder is classified as subject to partial divestment or subject to open. |
| Rule of convenience | A future interest will not become possessory until the class naturally closes, but if the jurisdiction applies this rule, it can close the class when any of its members is entitled to that member’s share of the class gift. |
| Rules Against Perpetuities | no interest is valid unless it vests, if at all, within 21 years of some life in being at the creation of the interest; under this rule, a court will strike certain unvested future property interests that lack the desired certainty. |
| RAP: Intrests | The RAP applies to only future interests held by persons other than the grantor (i.e., contingent remainders, vested remainders subject to partial divestment (class gifts), and executory interests) |
| RAP: life in being | : Includes a person who was alive/in gestation when the interest was created. |
| RAP: other approaches | (1) Some jurisdictions will wait out the perpetuities period to see if the future interest will vest and (2) some jurisdictions set the perpetuities period as 90 years after the creation of the interest;, then the conveyance will be valid |
| RAP: cy Pres Doctrine | The RAP does not apply to charitable trusts. Some jurisdictions,is same concept and applied it to noncharitable transfers. Under this approach, a court has the discretion to reform the conveyance in a way that most closely meets intent. |
| Waste | Life estate holders and tenants in possession must not commit waste. There are three types of waste: |
| EW: Voluntary | Occurs when the person causes property damage; includes acts that would result in permanent impairment; generally includes a depletion of natural resources, unless the land was already being put to that use at the time of conveyance |
| W: Permissive | : Occurs when the person’s failure to make minor repairs leads to substantial issues; excludes ordinary wear and tear |
| W: Ameliorative | Occurs when the person makes improvements to the property that increase the property’s value; but it is permitted when the improvements reflect a substantial change that has occurred in the character of the surrounding area. |
| Restraint of Alienation | If a restraint is void, then the grantee takes the interest without the intended restraint. There are four types: |
| RA: Disabling | Provides that a grantee has no right to transfer any interest in real property. |
| RA: Forfeiture | Provides that, if the grantee attempts a transfer, then the grantor would be permitted to reenter and retake the land, or the property would go to a third party. |
| RA: Promissory | Occurs where a grantor makes a grantee promise not to transfer the land |
| RA: Against public policy or unconstitutional | : Restraints prohibited by law (e.g., based on race, ethnicity, religion, or gender). |
| Total Restraints | On fee simple estates are almost always void (i.e., without limitation in terms of length or other condition). |
| Partial Restraints | May be valid if (1) the restraint is qualified so as to permit alienation to some possible alienees, and (2) the restraint is reasonable under the circumstances (e.g., right of first refusal). |
| Cotenancy | in common, joint , entiyrty |
| Tenancy in common | : Is presumed unless the conveyance states otherwise; it has no right of survivorship and is freely transferable. |
| Joint Tenancy | : Is created if the conveyance includes words of survivorship and the four unities are met: (1) Possession: Joint tenants must have the right to possess the entire property. (2) Interest: (3) Time: J (4) Title: |
| JT: Right of survivorship and Transferabillity | When one of the cotenants dies, that cotenant’s interest transfers automatically to the other cotenants; not devisable or inheritable. |
| Severance | conveys his interest to another by deed, signs a contract to sell an interest, or a mortgage out on title theory jurisdiction In some states, entering into a lease - severs results in a tenancy in common, with destruction of the right of survivorship. |
| Tenancy by the entirety | : Is created if the same four unities of a joint tenancy exist and the tenants are legally married. Each cotenant has an equal and undivided interest, with a right of survivorship. |
| T: Severance | : Occurs (1) if one spouse dies, (2) if the cotenants divorce, or (3) by a mutual agreement between the spouses |
| Partition | : Destroys cotenancy; - tc/jt occurs if (1) the parties voluntarily execute a writing agreeing to physically divide the property (2) one or more of the cotenants files a court action to force a division or sale of the property. |
| P: Accounting | : Cotenants are entitled to an accounting upon partition; this will enable adjustments based on expenses or improvements that one of the cotenants has paid. |
| P: Types | vol/invol (1) partition in kind and (2) partition by sale . Partition by sale is available only if a partition in kind is impossible, impracticable, or results in substantial injury to one of the cotenants. |
| Rights and obligations of cotenats | Possesion, ouster, expenses, rent or profits, repairs, improvements |
| R/OC: Possession | : Each cotenant has the right to possess all of the property; a cotenant in exclusive possession of the property does not have to pay rent to the other cotenant. |
| R/OC: Ouster | If a cotenant in possession refuses to grant other cotenants access, then the nonpossessing cotenant will receive the fair rental value of the property at the time access became impossible |
| R/OC: Expenses | Cotenants share necessary/beneficial expenses (e.g., taxes), but a cotenant in exclusive possession may not seek contribution unless the expenses exceed the property’s fair rental value. |
| R/OC: Rent and profits | A cotenant may not collect rent from another cotenant unless there is an ouster, but rent or other profits received from a third party are shared. |
| R/OC: Repairs | Are a necessary expense shared by cotenants; a cotenant in exclusive possession may not seek contribution but can seek reimbursement in an accounting or a partition action. |
| R/OC: Improvements | Are an unnecessary expense; a cotenant may seek reimbursement for this type of expense only in an accounting or a partition action. |
| Landlord- tenant law | |
| Term or years | fixed duration and is not subject to the statute of frauds if the term is less than one year. Notice is not required. automatically end of the tenancy unless (1) the parties agree to end the lease early, or (2) there is a material breach of the lease. |
| Periodic Tenancy | default tenancy, runs for a specified duration, and continues in successive intervals until the landlord or tenant provides notice to terminate the lease. sof no y unless the lease is expressly created for a period of more than one year. |
| PT: Common Law | Measured notice to terminate by the length of the period, with the exception of a year-to-year tenancy, which required six months’ notice |
| PT: Modern Law | Any residential tenancy that lasts a month or longer requires only 30 days notice to terminate; commercial tenancies are still subject to the common law rule. |
| Tenancy at will | Must be expressly created, has no specific term, and continues until a party terminates |
| TW: Common Law | Allowed either party to terminate without notice. |
| TW: Modern Law | Requires advance express or implied notice (i.e., death of a party, assignment of the lease, or the landlord’s transfer or lease of the property to another tenant). |
| Tenancy at sufferance | tenant remains in possession without permission; the landlord may (1) accept a new lease that will be a periodic tenancy established by rental payments, or (2) evict the tenant and claim damages using eviction proceedings; self-help is not allowed. |
| TS: Exceptions | A tenancy at sufferance is not created if (1) the time associated with the holdover was minor, or (2) the tenant is not at fault in creating the circumstances that led to the holdover. |
| Landlord Duties | |
| LD: Deliver possession | deliver legal and actual possession; a minority of jurisdictions require the landlord to deliver only the legal right of possession. If violated, a tenant can (1) terminate the lease and seek damages or (2) enforce the lease and seek relief. |
| LD: Covenant of quiet enjoyment | e landlord or someone acting under the landlord’s control cannot interfere with the tenant’s right of possession. If the tenant is improperly evicted, actually or constructively, then the tenant may terminate the lease and seek damages. |
| LD: Implied warranty of Habitaility | rovide and maintain a premises fit for human habitation in residential leases ; not be waived. tenant gives notice of a substantial defect, fails to repair a reasonable time, the tenant may (1) terminate (2) remain in possession withhold rent, or (3) r |
| Ld: Duty to mitigate | : A landlord has a duty to mitigate damages by taking reasonable steps to attempt to relet the premises ( |
| Tenants duty | |
| pay rent | primary duty; if the tenant surrenders the premises and the landlord accepts the surrender, then the tenant will be relieved of any future rent obligations. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may either evict or sue for rent. |
| TD:PR: Abandonment | If the tenant is no longer in possession and has improperly abandoned the premises, the landlord may opt to take possession of the premises and accept the abandonment. |
| TD:PR: Surrender | andlord retakes possession, acceptance of the tenant’s surrender, which relieves the tenant of future rent obligations; but to make repairs, accepting keys from tenant, or attempting to relet the premises may not be sufficient |
| TD: Repair | The tenant must make ordinary, minor repairs of damage caused by the tenant (intentionally or negligently) and other repairs agreed upon by the parties. |
| TD: waste | Tenants in possession must not commit waste (as discussed previously in more detail). |
| Eviction | If a tenant is wrongfully evicted (e.g., retaliatory eviction), the tenant may bring a wrongful eviction lawsuit against the landlord for damages. There are four types of eviction: |
| E: Actual | Occurs if the landlord, or someone acting under the landlord’s control, ousts the tenant from the premises. The tenant may terminate the lease and seek damages. |
| E: Partial Actual | landlord deprives the tenant of the use of a portion of the premises. The tenant may terminate the lease or remain in possession and withhold rent; under the modern approach, the tenant is entitled only to a rent abatement. |
| E: Construction | tenant moves out - the landlord,- l, has substantially interfered with the tenant’s use and enjoyment of the premises. The tenant may terminate the lease and withhold bandons the premises within a reasonable time. |
| E: Parital Construction | Allows the tenant only a rent abatement. |
| Transfers by landlord | : A landlord may transfer the landlord’s interest unless the agreement says otherwise. The new owner is obligated to abide by the terms of an existing lease unless it is a tenancy at will. |
| Transfers by tenant | A tenant may transfer the tenant’s interest unless the agreement says otherwise. The landlord may enforce the agreement if the landlord is in privity of contract or privity of estate with that party |
| Assignment v. lease | An assignment occurs when the lessee transfers the lessee’s interest in the leased premises for the entire duration of the lease. Any transfer for less is a sublease. |
| privity of contract | The original tenant is in privity of contract unless there is a novation |
| privity of estate | tenant sublets, the tenant remains in privity of estate with the landlord, but the subtenant is not in privity of contract or privity of estate. However, if the tenant assigns the property, the subtenant is in privity of estate with the landlord. |
| Assumption | tenant subletting a property is in privity of contract or estate only if the tenant expressly assumes the obligations of the original lease; if so, then the landlord could sue the subtenant as a third-party beneficiary. |
| restrictions to transfer | Are strictly construed against the landlord. |
| Consent | a landlord’s consent to transfer could be withheld for any reason, but the modern trend is that consent may not be withheld unreasonably. |
| Fair housing act | Prohibits discrimination in housing against members of certain protected classes who are engaging in housing-related activities |
| Easements | Are usually affirmative but can be negative . Easements can also be appurtenant (i.e., involve two parcels of property) or in gross (i.e., granted to benefit a particular person or entity). |
| Es: Creation | There are five ways an easement can be created, and thus five types of easements |
| Es: Express | : May be created (1) when the servient estate owner expressly grants the easement to another party or (2) when property is transferred, the transferor expressly reserves an easement on the property for the benefit of the transferor or a third party |
| es: e : requiremntets | writting - that - Identifies the parties; (2) Adequately describes the property (3) Expresses the grantor’s intent to create an easement; and (4) Is signed by the grantor (i.e., the servient estate holder). |
| Es: Implication | easement is reasonably necessary to access the dominant estate and: (1) common ownership (prior unity) (2) The prior use of the land was consistent (3) The use was continuous and apparent at the time of sale of one and reasonably necessary |
| ES: Necessity | There was common ownership (prior unity) in two parcels of land; (2) The severance of the parcels created the necessity for the easement; and (3) The easement is strictly necessary (i.e., landlocked). |
| ES: Prescription | (1) Open and notorious; (2) Hostile; (3) Continuous; and (4) For the statutory period. The use at the conclusion of the prescriptive period establishes the scope of the easement granted. |
| es: Estoppel | (1) There was permission to use the servient estate; (2) There was reasonable reliance on that permission to the party’s detriment; and (3) It would be equitable to recognize the existence of an easement. are subject to equitable defenses |
| ES: Scope | scope is not expressly defined, then the scope of an easement is determined by (1) the intent of the parties and (2) the reasonableness of the use Overuse will be enjoined; it does not terminate the easement. |
| ES: Transferabillity | gross is always transferred if sold. Traditionally, the benefit could not transfer. Today, courts look at the intent of the parties and usually allow commercial easements in gross to transfer. Easements appurtenant “run with the land” - burden on sale |
| es: Termination | The duration of the easement is indefinite unless expressly stated or it is terminated. An easement can be terminated in nine ways: |
| ES: Release | Occurs if the parties execute a subsequent writing that complies with the statute of frauds that expressly releases the right to the easement. |
| ES: Abandonment | Occurs if the owner of the right (a) intends to terminate the easement and (b) acts in a way to terminate the easement. |
| ES: Merger | Occurs if the title to the parcels of land burdened and benefited by the easement are acquired by the same owner. |
| ES: Presciption | Occurs if the holder of the right fails to protect the interest for a statutory period. |
| ES: Condemnation | Occurs if the government takes property that is subject to the easement. |
| ES: Necessity Ends | Applies to easements created by necessity. |
| ES: Equitable | Occurs if the enforcement is no longer equitable; applies to easements created by estoppel |
| ES: Estoppel | if (a) the dominant estate holder makes statements/acts in a way that causes the servient estate holder to reasonably believe the easement has been abandoned, and (b) the servient estate holder reasonably relies to his detriment. |
| Es: Destruction | : Physical destruction will not normally terminate an easement, but if an easement is tied to a structure on property that is destroyed by an extraordinary natural event, the easement will be terminated. |
Created by:
Vanderhoof_