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unit 3 biodiversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leaves function | Collection and conversion of solar energy |
| Stem function | Positioning and support of leave |
| Roots function | Anchorage and absorption |
| Vascular system function | transportation |
| Leaf structure | Epidermis, cuticle and guard cells with stoma |
| Mesophyll definition | the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts. (this is in the leaf) |
| Palisade mesophyll vs spongy mesophyll | P= more concentrated chlorophyll S= loosely packed for more gas exchange (this is in the leaf) |
| Stem structure | Epidermis, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, vascular tissue, xylem, phloem, vascular bundles and procambium (this is in the stem) |
| Epidermis definition | The thin outer layer of cells that covers and protects the stem; it helps prevent water loss and can sometimes have a waxy coating. (this is in the stem) |
| Collenchyma definition | A flexible, supportive tissue found just beneath the epidermis; its cells have thickened cell walls that help young stems bend without breaking. (this is in the stem) |
| Sclerenchyma definition | A strong, rigid support tissue made of cells with very thick, hardened cell walls; it provides strength and structure to mature parts of the stem. (this is in the stem) |
| Vascular tissue definition | The plant’s “transport system,” made up of xylem and phloem, which move water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant. (this is in the stem) |
| Xylem definition | The vascular tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots up through the plant; also helps support the stem. (this is in the stem) |
| Phloem definition | The vascular tissue that transports sugars and other food made in the leaves to the rest of the plant. (this is in the stem) |
| Vascular bundles definition | Groups of xylem and phloem tissues arranged together (often with supporting cells); these form the plant’s transport channels inside the stem. (this is in the stem) |
| Procambium definition | A layer of actively dividing cells in young stems that later develops into the xylem and phloem; part of the plant’s growing tissues. (this is in the stem) |
| Cortex definition | The layer of cells between the epidermis and the vascular bundles; stores food and helps in support. (this is in the stem) (Eudicots) |
| Pith definition | The central region of the stem, inside the ring of vascular bundles; also stores food and helps keep the stem firm. (this is in the stem) (Eudicots) |
| Ground parenchyma definition | In monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered instead of arranged in a ring, so there’s no distinct cortex or pith. Instead, the entire internal tissue around the vascular bundles is called ground parenchyma, which fills the stem and performs stora |
| Tracheids definition | Type of cell in xylem. thinner tube shaped cells with perforated end plates which restrict water flow (this is in the stem) |
| Vessel member (element) definition | Type of cell in xylem. Large tube shaped cells with no endplates which allow greater water flow (this is in the stem) |
| Sieve tube member (element) definition | Type of cell in phloem. Tube shaped cells that are main transporters of sugar and they cannot maintain metabolic requirements without assistance due to their morphology (this is in the stem) |
| Companion cell definition | Type of cell in phloem. These cells assist the sieve tube members metabolically. (this is in the stem) |
| Root Structure | Epidermis with root hairs, cortex, endodermis with casparian strips, stele, apoplectic and symplastic pathways. |
| Casparian strips definition | a waxy band that prevents water and minerals from leaking out or moving between cells uncontrollably. |
| Stele definition | The central part of the root that contains the xylem and phloem, which transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant. |
| Apoplastic pathways | Water moves between cells through the spaces in the cell walls (without entering the cells). It flows easily through the epidermis and cortex but is blocked by the Casparian strip in the endodermis. |
| Symplastic pathways | Water moves through the cytoplasm of cells, connected by tiny channels called plasmodesmata. Once it reaches the endodermis, it can cross into the stele by osmosis, allowing selective filtering of harmful substances before entering the xylem. |
| Root nodules and symbiotic bacteria definition | Microbes can fix nitrogen for the host plant allowing the latter to grow in soils that otherwise would be challenging |
| Vegetative (asexual) reproduction parts | Runner, rhizome, corm, tuber, bulb |
| Parthenogenesis definition | Development of an egg without being fertilized |
| Propagation definition | Replanting of plants to establish a whole new plant |
| Plant development definition | Seeds must develop quickly to establish leaves for photosynthesis and roots for anchorage and water absorption |
| Meristematic tissue definition | Plant version of germ layers, responsible for initial establish and maintenance of plant tissue |
| Apical meristems definition | Found at the tips of roots and shoots. They cause plants to grow longer or taller (increase in length), a process called primary growth. |
| Lateral meristems definition | Found along the sides of stems and roots. They cause the plant to grow wider or thicker (increase in girth), known as secondary growth. Examples include: Vascular cambium – adds new xylem and phloem. Cork cambium – forms protective outer bark. |
| Heartwood vs sapwood | The innermost oldest parts of a tree have xylem clogged with resins making this heartwood much more dense than the newer xylem closer to the vascular cambium called sapwood |
| Girdling Plants definition | Damaging trees by making accidental horizontal cuts with lawn tools, deep injury could damage the vascular cambium and kill the tree. |
| Class Trematoda - Parasitic "Flukes" | Syncytium- protect while in GI track Suckers- what helps they stick on Complex life cycles |
| Fluids move in xylem via | Adhesion, cohesion, evaporation, osmosis |
| Theories of movement | Capillary action, root pressure, transpiration pull |
| Abiotic fixation definition | This type of nitrogen fixation happens without living organisms. Plants can then absorb these nitrogen compounds through their roots. |
| Biotic fixation definition | This type of fixation is done by living organisms, specifically certain bacteria that convert N₂ gas into usable nitrogen compounds. Free-living Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria These bacteria live independently in the soil (not attached to plants). They conv |
| Kingdom Anamalia | Multicellular, heterotrophs and no cell wall |
| What are the 2 groups under kingdom animalia | Invertebrates and vertebrates |
| Multicellularity advantages | Large size, mobility, stable internal environment, relative independence from environment |
| Types of symmetry | Radial and bilateral |
| Class Cestoda | Parasitic tapeworms They replicate pieces of their body Lack digestive track Found in pork and beef |
| Adhesive organ | Can be classified as either ectoparasite or endoparasite Their structure allows them to adhere to their host |
| Sense organs reduced | when the adult located its primary (or definitive) Host, there is less need for sophisticated, cephalized nervous system |
| Digestive tract reduced | those endoparasites that live in the digestive tract may have reduced or no digestive tract of their own |
| Body wall protection | Those endoparasites that live in either the digestive tract or the blood must produce cell membranes that prevent destruction by the chemicals and cells of the GI tract and immune systems |
| Fecundity increased | Many parasites must rely on high reproductive output to ensure successful completion of complex life histories |
| Larval stages to facilitate passage from one host to another | Morphologically distinct larval forms are produced by many parasites to ensure that Intermediate Hosts (or Vectors) are infected to complete the parasite’s life history. |
| Phylum Nemertea (tinea) "Ribbon" worms | Proboscis- used for defense Complete digestive tract Closed circulatory system |
| Feed structures for Phylum Nemertea | Proboscis w/ stylet Rhynchocoel- cavity that houses the proboscis Rhynochodeum-proboscis pore |
| Cleavage patterns | Radial and spiral |
| Radial cleavage | The relative position of the new cells forms in a radial configuration |
| Spiral cleavage | The relative position of the new cells forms in a spiral configuration |
| Cell fate definition | At some stage in development most cells are programmed to differentiate |
| Indeterminate definition | Animals with relatively late cell fate differentiation |
| Determinate definition | Animals with relatively early cell fate differentiation |
| Developmental stages | Morula, blastula, gastrula |
| Morula definition | The zygote undergoes rapid cleavage divisions producing this stage consisting of a solid mass of cells |
| Blastula with blastocoel definition | The morula will undergo a process in which the solid mass of cells hollows to form this stage. The chamber of cavity is the blastocoel |
| Gastrula with blastopore and archenteron definition | The blastula will invaginate producing the primitive gut. The opening of the tube is the blastopore, which depending on if it's a protostome or deuterostome will become its mouth or anus respectively. |
| Germ layers | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| Coelom definition | A fluid-filled body cavity found between the body wall and the internal organs in many animals. It is completely lined with a layer of tissue called mesoderm. |
| what goes into “Pseudocoelomata” | Phylum Rotifera Phylum Nematoda- "round worms" |
| True or false: Nematode parasitism: Affect most organismal groups | True |
| Eucoelomata | Phylum Bryozoa (=Ectoprocta) Phylum Brachiopoda Phylum Phoronida |
| Protostomes | bilaterally symmetrical animals characterized by specific features during their embryonic development |
| H.A.M. | Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk |
| Phylum Mollusca General Characteristics | -Abundant, aquatic & terrestrial forms -Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk - Coelom - Excretory system: - Kidney=Metanephridia=Coelomoduct=Gonoduct |
| Class Monoplacophora | Class Monoplacophora - Neopilina - Multiple gills, muscles, nephridia & gonads - Phylum Mollusca |
| Class Polyplacophora “Chitons” | - Articulated shell - Class Gastropoda - Shell types: Planospiral vs Helicospiral & Operculum & Shell aperture - Shell-less forms: Nudibranch - Phylum Mollusca |
| Class Bivalvia | - Phylum Mollusca -Shell: Umbo, Hinge ligament - Adductor muscles - Protractor vs Retractor - Mantle cavity - Siphon: Incurrent vs Excurrent - Digestive system - Bivalve diversity -Oysters & Pearl |
| Class Scaphopoda | Tusk Shells” - Burrowing |
| Class Cephalopoda | Squids &Octopods - reduced or spiraled - Tentacles w/suckers at tip; Arms w/suckers entire length - Siphon - Closed circulation - Beak (w/venom) |
| Phylum Cnidaria | - Mouth w/tentacles - No anus, but has gut (Incomplete Digestive Tract) - Cnidae - Diploblastic w/organs - “Polyp” vs “Medusa” |
| Cnidae | Intracellular structure with everting thread or substance inside a capsule. |
| Nematocyst | Thread with toxin everted. |
| Spirocyst | Elongate thread for adhesion |
| Ptychocyst | Substance used to construct tube for burrowing sea anemones |
| Phylum Cnidaria classes | Class Hydrozoa - Class Scyphozoa - Class Anthozoa |
| Nerve net | Cnidarians have one of the earliest known nervous systems in the form of network of neurons with ganglia. |
| Class Hydrozoa | Polymorphism - Polypoid - Gastrozooid - Gonozooid (gonangium) - Dactylozooid - Skeletozooid - Acellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis - Hydra -Physalia -Fire corals |
| Class Scyphozoa | - Medusoid --“Scyphomedusae” large - Cellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis -- Common “Jellyfish” - Cubomedusa “Sea Wasp” |
| Class Anthozoa | - Polypoid only - Cellular mesoglea - Cnidae in epidermis & gastrodermis - Septa (mesenteries) in gut - Reproduction - Sexual & Asexual - Budding, Fission (longitudinal/transverse) - Anthozoan diversity - Sea anemones - Corals |
| Hermatypic Corals - w/ zooxanthellae | Live symbiotically with corals, sea anemones, giant clams and other marine animals |
| Schizocoely definition | Masses of mesoderm form in the blastocoel near the blastopore. Internal splits in these masses create cavities lined by mesoderm (coelom formation type) |
| Enterocoely definition | Portions of the archenteron which are endoderm ally derived form outpockets that eventually separate from the gut to form mesoderm with cavities lined entirely by mesoderm (type of coelom formation) |
| Structure and function of coelom | Forms a protective fluid filled chamber for the internal organs. It also allows for the organs to move and grow at independent rates. |
| How is coelom divided in humans | Abdominal- peritoneum Thoracic- pleura Cardiac- pericardium |
| Visceral vs parietal | V- directly lining an organ P- lining the chamber wall not directly the organ |
| Mesenteries definition | Where visceral and parietal meet |
| Branches under kingdom animalia | Branch parazoa and branch eumetazoa |
| Parazoans | "poorly defined tissues" |
| Phylum placozoa | "the most primitive metazoan" |
| Phylum porifera | "sponges" Sessile Filter water through canal system Mostly marine |
| General sponge morphology | Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid |
| Sponge body layers | Outer- porocytes and myocytes Middle- spicules, spongin, amoebocytes, collencytes Inner- choanocytes |
| Sponge reproduction asexual | Regeneration Budding Gemmules |
| Sponge reproduction sexual | Dioecious and monoecious |
| Dioecious definition | Species with 2 types of individuals representing female and male |
| Monoecious definition | Species with 1 type of individual simultaneously representing both males and females (hermaphrodites) |
| Porifera classification | Class Calcanea Class Hexactinellida Class Demospongiae Class Sclerosponfiae |
| Class Calcanea definition | Spicules: Made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Body forms: Can be asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid. Habitat: Usually small and found in shallow marine waters. Example: Leucosolenia, Sycon. |
| Class Hexactinellida definition | Spicules: Made of silica (SiO₂) and have 6 rays. Body: Delicate, glass-like skeleton; often cup-shaped. Habitat: Found in deep ocean waters. Example: Euplectella (Venus’ flower basket). |
| Class Demospongiae definition | Spicules: Made of spongin (a flexible protein), silica, or both. Body: Leuconoid type; largest and most diverse class (about 90% of all sponges). Habitat: Mostly marine, but some are freshwater. Example: Spongia (bath sponge). |
| Class Sclerosponfiae definition | Spicules: Made of both silica and calcium carbonate, with a hard external skeleton. Habitat: Found in dark marine caves or under coral reefs. Note: Sometimes grouped within Demospongiae by modern classifications. Example: Ceratoporella. |
Created by:
abowles2025