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Bio Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the makeup of an atom. | An atom is made up of protons, and neutrons inside the nucleus, and electrons floating around the nucleus. |
| What happens to atoms when they undergo chemical reactions? | After undergoing a chemical reaction atoms rearrange their electrons to either make or break chemical bonds making new |
| What is formed when 2 or more atoms bond by sharing electrons? | Covalent Bond |
| How many electrons and protons does hydrogen have? | The number of protons in Hydrogen is 1 and the number of electrons is also 1. |
| What are valence electrons? How many valence electrons does carbon have? | Valence electrons are electrons on the outside of an atom. The number of valence electrons in carbon is equal to 4. |
| How many bonds can 1 atom of carbon make with other atoms? | A carbon atom can make 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. |
| Carbohydrates-Monomer, function, chemical composition, examples | Carbohydrates- Monomer= simple sugar, polymer= polysaccharides, function– provide quick energy—--CHO, Ex- Glucose, starch (candy, potatoes) |
| Lipids- Monomer, function, chemical composition, examples | Lipids- Monomer- glycerol and fatty acids, store long term energy, —--CHO, ex fats, oils, waxes. |
| Proteins-Monomer, function, chemical composition, examples | Proteins- Monomer-amino acids, polymer- polypeptide, build body structure(act as enzymes)-----CHON, EX, enzymes meat |
| Nucleic Acids - Monomer, function, chemical composition, examples | Nucleic Acids- Monomer-nucleotides, polymer- DNA/RNA, store and share genetic makeup, CHONP, ex DNA/Rna |
| What is an indicator? How did we use it in our macromolecule lab? | Color changing chemicals put into effect when a specific substance is detected. We used iodine, benedicts solution, and biuret to find macromolecules |
| What macromolecules were found in the different food solutions in our lab? | We found simple sugars in maple syrup, starch in corn starch, proteins in gelatin |
| What is the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates? | Simple carbohydrates are made of 1-2 sugar molecules and complex carbohydrates contain long complicated chains of sugars. |
| What happens to atoms when they undergo chemical reactions? | Atoms are re-arranged into new combinations. |
| Describe what enzymes are and what they do (word bank: chemical reactions, biological catalysts, substrate/reactant, product, activation energy, protein, 3-D shape, denature) | Enzymes=proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for said reaction. Extreme temperature can denature the specific shape however and the enzyme will no longer be functioning. |
| Describe how enzymes and substrates work together to catalyze reactions. | Enzymes have an active site that perfectly fits the substrate when the substrate and enzymes bind the enzyme will break down the substrate and release it to repeat with more substrates |
| Describe the reaction we looked at in the lab, naming reactants, products, and enzyme. | Enzyme catalase breaks down the reactant into the products. |
| What is meant by the terms: enzyme rate reaction? optimal temperature/pH? | The reaction rate is how fast the enzyme works to optimal temperature and PH are the conditions the enzyme needs to work the best that it possibly can. |
| How does changing the concentration of enzymes affect the rate of decomposition of H2O2? | Increasing enzyme concentration increases the rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition because more substrate molecules can be worked on by more enzymes. |
| If one increases the concentration of enzymes to thirty drops, what do you think will happen to the rate of reaction? Predict what the rate would be for 30 drops. | If the concentration of enzyme is increased to 30 drops the rate of reaction would most likely ride until there is no more substrate to work on. |
| At what temperature is the rate of enzyme activity the highest? Lowest? Explain. | The optimal temperature at which the reaction is going to work the best is about 98 and the lower rates are slower while the hotter temperatures are faster, but if the temp reaches a certain point it will denature the enzyme and there will be no reaction. |
| How does changing the temperature affect the rate of enzyme activity? Does this follow a pattern you anticipated? | Temperature changes the speed, slower for colder and warmer temperatures make it faster. |
| Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures? | At a high enough temperature the enzyme activity will decrease because it burns, or denature and the shape will essentially be melted and will not work as a reactant. |
| At what pH is the rate of enzyme activity the highest? Lowest? | The highest pH activity will occur around pH 7 (optimal) and the lowest at the most acidic or lower concentrations of pH. |
| How does changing the pH affect the rate of enzyme activity? | Changing the ph changes the shape of the enzyme which will lower ability to bind substrates. |
| How many binds can carbon form? | 4 allowing it to make chains, rings etc |
| What is the pH scale and how does it work? | The pH scale is what measures how acidic or basic a substance is from 0-14. Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic and 7 is neutral and also optimal for enzyme reactions. |
| Explain polar water molecules. | Water is a polar molecule meaning that it has a slightly positive and slightly negative side making it easy to form bonds and dissolve other things. |
| How is a molecule formed? | A molecule is formed when two or more atoms form a covalent bond. |
| What are the types of bonds and how do they differ? | The two main types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent. Ionic bonds are electrons transferred from one atom to another while covalent bonds are electrons shared between atoms. |
| What is a compping and how does it form? | A compound is formed when two plus elements chemically bond in fixed ratios. |
| What are isotopes? | isotopes are atoms of the same element with different amounts of neutrons. They have the same chemical properties however because they share the concentrations of electrons. |
| What are macromolecules? | Macromolecules are large organic molecules made of smaller monomers and polymers. The major types are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| Explain buffers and how they work. | Buffers are weak acids or bases that prevent sudden changes in pH, helping to maintain homeostasis. |
| What are enzymes? | Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to bind substrates. |
| What is a chemical reaction and how does it work? | A chemical reaction changes one set of chemicals into another by breaking and forming bonds, |
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