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Muscuskeletal

chp 31-32

QuestionAnswer
Structures of the Musculoskeletal System Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
Function of the skeletal system : Provides shape and structure, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores calcium and phosphorus, and produces blood cells in red bone marrow.
Function of the muscular system Produces movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, and generates heat through contraction.
Function of red bone marrow Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Function of yellow bone marrow Stores fat and can convert to red marrow when needed.
Functions of the bones Provide body shape, protect organs, allow movement via muscle attachment, store minerals, and form blood cells.
Functions of muscles Movement, joint stability, posture maintenance, and heat production.
Common causes of musculoskeletal disorders Disease, trauma, malnutrition, and aging.
How poor nutrition affects musculoskeletal health Low calcium and vitamin D cause weak bones; low protein leads to muscle wasting.
Hormone affecting bone density in women Decreased estrogen increases the risk of osteoporosis.
Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders Weight-bearing exercise, proper nutrition, safety measures to prevent falls, and avoiding smoking.
Calcium and phosphorus levels Evaluate bone metabolism; abnormal levels indicate bone disorders.
Alkaline phosphatase Enzyme elevated in bone diseases and fractures.
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) : Increased levels indicate muscle damage.
Uric acid Elevated levels indicate gout.
Goniometry Measures joint range of motion.
Bone scan Detects bone tumors, fractures, and infections.
: Arthrocentesis Aspiration of synovial fluid from a joint for diagnostic testing.
Electromyography (EMG) Measures electrical activity of muscles to assess muscle or nerve disorders.
: Components of musculoskeletal assessment Posture, gait, balance, mobility, ROM, muscle strength, joint appearance, and ability to perform ADLs.
Older adult musculoskeletal changes Decreased bone density, muscle atrophy, limited ROM, and increased fall risk.
Nursing responsibility during lifting and turning Use gentle, firm movements; get adequate help; encourage patient participation if safe; explain the procedure.
Goal of interventions to prevent disability Maintain mobility, prevent complications, and promote independence.
Definition of contracture Permanent shortening of a muscle or joint that limits movement.
When do contractures begin to form after immobilization? Within 3 to 7 days
Common types of contractures Foot drop, knee or hip flexion contracture, wrist drop, and finger contractures.
Definition of ankylosis Stiffness or immobility of a joint caused by fusion of bones.
Prevention of contractures and ankylosis Gradual mobilization, ROM exercises, proper positioning, splints, and continuous passive motion.
Isometric exercise Muscle contraction without joint movement to maintain strength during immobilization. Term: Nursing care for pain and inflammation
Nursing care for pain and inflammation Administer analgesics or anti-inflammatory meds before activity; encourage gentle exercise.
: Assistive devices for ambulation Canes, walkers, crutches, and braces.
: Crutch safety teaching Support body weight on hands, not axilla; keep crutches 6 inches from side; move crutch and affected leg together
Evaluation of musculoskeletal interventions Observe ADL performance, posture, and mobility; monitor labs and x-rays; and collaborate with healthcare team.
Created by: DVANCE04
 

 



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