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chapter 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Musculoskeletal System contains: | bones, muscles, and joints |
| Tendons | bind muscles to bones |
| Ligaments: | bind bones to other bones |
| Orthopedist | a medical doctor who specializes in the musculoskeletal system |
| Rheumatologist | a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the joints, muscles, and bones, including arthritis and autoimmune conditions |
| Physiatrist | a medical doctor who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation |
| Osteopathic physician (DO) | a fully licensed physician who treats patients with a whole-person approach to medicine, emphasizing the connection between the mind, body, and spirit |
| Ossification | Process of bone formation |
| Osteoblast | Bone cell that helps form bony tissue |
| Osteocyte | nourishes and maintains bone |
| Osteoclast | reabsorb or digest bone /Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue |
| Calcium phosphate enzyme | helps create hard bone from sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D. |
| Calcium | necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle, including heart muscle and muscles attached to bones |
| parathyroid gland | maintains calcium levels in blood / secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone |
| Diaphysis | the shaft or central part of a long bone |
| Epiphysis | the end part of a long bone |
| Metaphysis | the transitional conelike portion of a long bone between the shaft (diaphysis) and the end (epiphysis) |
| Epiphyseal line/plate | growth plate where cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth/ lengthwise growth takes in the immature skeleton |
| Cancellous bone | the porous, lighter bone tissue found inside the hard outer layer of compact bone |
| Compact (cortical) bone | contains The Haversian system: blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone marrow (mostly fat). the hard, dense outer layer of all bones, providing strength, protection, and support for the body |
| Articular cartilage | smooth, white, connective tissue covering the ends of bones in a joint, allowing them to glide over each other with minimal friction |
| Medullary cavity | the hollow space within the shaft of a long bone that contains bone marrow |
| Periosteum | a two-layered membrane covering the outer surface of most bones, providing protection and serving as a vital source of nutrients and blood vessels. |
| Yellow marrow | found in the cavities of long bones, composed mainly of fat cells (adipocytes) |
| Red marrow | rich with blood vessels and immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development; in later life replaced with yellow marrow |
| hematopoieses | the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow |
| Processes | serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments |
| Depressions | openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels |
| Air cavities/sinuses | located in facial and cranial bone lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system |
| Mandibular bones | the largest and strongest bone in the face, forming the lower jaw and holding the lower teeth |
| Maxillary bone | This bone contributes to the formation of the oral and nasal cavities and the orbit, and it houses the upper teeth |
| zygomatic bones | cheek bones |
| Temporal bone contains: | temporomandibular (TMJ) joint mastoid process styloid process |
| Occipital bone contains: | foramen magnum |
| Sphenoid bone | A butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull, behind the nose. |
| Ethmoid bone | complex bone in the skull located between the eyes that separates the nasal cavity from the brain |
| vomer | part of the nasal septum, bone which separates the left and right nasal cavities |
| Lacrimal bones | a small, thin bone located in the medial wall of each eye socket |
| Coccyx | tailbone |
| Vertebrae | 26 bone segments from base of skull to tailbone in five divisions |
| intervertebral discs | cushions/ pads of cartilage located between vertebrae in the spine that act as shock absorbers and allow for flexibility |
| acetabulum | Rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint |
| acromion | Outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder |
| collagen | Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues |
| cranial bones/Skull bones: | ethmoid, frontal, occipital,parietal, sphenoid, and temporal |
| Bones of the face: | lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic |
| fontanelle | Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant |
| condyle | The knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint |
| Ewing sarcoma | malignant bone tumor |
| exostosis | bony growth on surface of bone |
| osteogenic sarcoma | malignant tumor arising from bone |
| osteomalacia | softening of bone |
| osteomyelitis | infection that happens when bacteria or fungi infect your bone marrow. |
| talipes | congenital abnormality of hindfoot involving the talus (clubfoot) |
| simple fracture (or closed fracture) | a broken bone where the skin remains intact |
| compound fracture (or open fracture) | broken bone pierces through the skin, leaving an open wound and increasing the risk of infection |
| pathological fracture | a broken bone that occurs in bones weakened by an underlying disease or condition, such as cancer, osteoporosis, or infection, rather than by a significant injury |
| Compression Fracture | a type of broken bone that can cause your vertebrae to collapse, making them shorter |
| Colles fracture | Broken wrist |
| Suture joints | immovable (skull) |
| Synovial joints | freely movable |
| meniscus | Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee |
| Bursae | small, fluid-filled sacs (synovial fluid) located near joints that act as cushions to reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles. |
| Synovial fluid | lubrication found in the cavities of synovial joints that reduces friction and cushions the ends of bones during movement |
| articulation | joint |
| synovial membrane | produces synovial fluid |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | chronic progressive stiffening of joints, mostly spine |
| Gouty arthritis | inflammation due to excessive uric acid in body |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | : loss of articular cartilage and formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces; canoccur in any joint, but mainly in spine, hips, and knees of older people |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane) |
| Sprain | trauma to joint with pain, swelling and injury to ligaments without rupture |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): | chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs affecting collagen in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body |
| Striated muscle | under voluntary control—they move all the bones as well as face and eyes |
| Smooth muscle | control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands) |
| abduction | Movement away from midline of body |
| adduction | Movement toward midline of body |
| fascia | a dense web of connective tissue that encloses and supports muscles, organs, bones, and other bodily structures |
| pronation | turning palm downward |
| supination | Turning the palm upward |
| Antinuclear antibody test (ANA) | a blood test that detects antinuclear antibodies, which are autoantibodies that target the body's own cell nuclei -diagnoses LUPUS |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | a common blood test that measures inflammation in the body by timing how quickly red blood cells fall to the bottom of a test tube in one hour |
| Discography | an invasive medical diagnostic procedure used to identify which intervertebral disc is the source of chronic back pain. |
| Arthrocentesis | medical procedure to remove fluid from a joint, called joint aspiration, or to inject medication into it |
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