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Path Test 2: P1
Path Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the five basic functions of bone | 1. support framework of the body 2. protect vital organs 3. levers on which muscles can contract and shorten = movement of joint 4. Red bone marrow = production of blood cells 5. stores calcium salts |
| disruption of bone caused by mechanical forces applied either directly to the bone or transmitted along the shaft of the bone | fracture |
| what are the signs of fractures | joint effusion , soft tissue swelling, interuption of bony trabeculae |
| fracture that results in discontinuity between two or more fragments | complete fracture |
| partial discontinuity with a portion of the cortex remaining | incomplete fracture |
| the overlying skin in intact - fx | closed fx |
| overlying skin is disrupted - fx | open/compound fx |
| runs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone - fx | transverse fx |
| runs approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the bone - fx | oblique fx |
| encircles the shaft generally longer than an oblique fx caused by twisting motion | sprial fx |
| generally small fragments torn from bony prominences | avulsion fx |
| composed of more than two fragments | comminuted fx |
| elongated triangular fragment of cortical bone | butterfly fx |
| consists of a segment of shaft isolated by proximal and distal lines of fx | segmental fx |
| results from compression forces that causes compaction of bone trabeculae | compression fx |
| a portion of bone displaced inward on skull or tibial platue | depressed fx |
| response of bone to continued stress | stress/fatigue fx |
| occurs at area of weaknesses caused by a process | pathologic fx |
| incomplete fx with the opposite cortex intact | greenstick |
| one cortex is intact with buckling or compaction with opposite | torus/buckle fx |
| plastic deformation caused by a stress that is too great to permit complete recovery of normal shape | bowing fx |
| occurs when a plane of cleavage exists in a bone without angulation or seperation | undisplaced/nondisplaced fx |
| seperation of bone fragments | displacement |
| angular deformity between the axis of the major fragments | angulation |
| displacement of a bone that is no longer in contact with its normal articulation | dislocation |
| only partial loss of continuity of joint surfaces | subluxation |
| what is essential when imaging trauma with xray | two images 90 degrees apart |
| what are treatment options for fx | 1. closed reduction 2. open reduction with internal fixation 3. external fixation |
| healing of fracture fragments in a faulty position | malunion |
| any fracture that takes longer to heal then the average fx | delayed union |
| fx healing process has completely stopped fragments remain ununited | non union |
| sclerotic = | callus |
| most common pathologic fx | multiple myeloma |
| where is the most common stress fx for runners | 2-3 metarsals |
| best exam for battered child syndromoe | skeletal syndrome |
| what are causes for battered-child syndrome | shaken-baby, munchausen, SIDS |
| wrist fx from fall on an outstretched hand | colles |
| most common carpal bone fx | navicular / scaphoid |
| Fracture to 5th metacarpal usually from resulting blow of fist | boxers |
| transverse fx at the base of the 5th metatarsal caused by stepping off curve or falling off stairs | jones |
| 95% of shoulder dislocation is | anterior |
| 80-90% of hip dislocation is | posterior |
| fx and displacement of ring of atlas, fx of dens | jefferson |
| anterior subluxation of C2 and C3 | hangmans |
| what is the major cause of severe acute, chronic or recurring low back and leg pain | protrusion/herniation |
| twisting and curvature in the lateral perspective | scoliosis |
| normal curvature = _, _-_ need extensive treatment | 20, 40-50 |
| when are braces used for scoliosis | 25-40 |
| Cleft in the pars interarticularis that is situated between the superior and inferior articular processes of a vertebra. | spondylosis (wo displacement) Spondylolisthesis (w/ displacement) |
| a posterior defect of the spinal canal resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly | spina bifida |
| mild/insufficient from (L5-S1; tuft of hair) | spina bifid occulta |
| large defects with herniation of meninges | meningocele |
| large defects with herniation of meninges and portion of spinal cord and nerve roots | myelomeingocele |
| appearance of marble bones | osteopetrosis |
| a rare herediatry bone dysplasia; failure of resopritve mechanism of calcified cartilage interferes with the normal replaced of mature bone | osteopetrosis |
| Prevents bone marrow from forming; bones become very brittle and stress fractures occur often. | osteopetrosis |
| Generalized disorder of connective tissues; multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eyes | osteogensis imperfecta |
| appearance of osteogensis imperfecta | brittle bones |
| what should you do to technique with osteogensis imperfeta | lower kvp |
| most common form of dwarfism | achondroplasia |
| Developmental hip dysplasia- results from incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors. | congential hip displasia |
| Generalized disorder of connective tissues; multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the normally white sclera of the eyes | osteogensis imperfecta |
| congenital hip displasia is more common in who | females and breech babies |
| appearance of osteogensis imperfecta | brittle bones |
| Chronic systemic disease of unknown cause that appears primarily as a noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hand and feet. | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| what should you do to technique with osteogensis imperfeta | lower kvp |
| most common form of dwarfism | achondroplasia |
| Developmental hip dysplasia- results from incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors. | congential hip displasia |
| congenital hip displasia is more common in who | females and breech babies |
| Chronic systemic disease of unknown cause that appears primarily as a noninfectious inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hand and feet. | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| osteoarthritis is also known as | degenerative joint disease |
| what are three rheumatoid variants | ankylosing spondylitis , reiters syndroms, psotiatic arthritis |
| Extremely common disorder characterized by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation. | osteroathritis |
| osteoarthritis is also known as | degenerative joint disease |
| Extremely common disorder characterized by loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation. | osteroathritis |
| Inflammation of the bursae; small fluid-filled sacs located near the joints that reduce friction | bursitis |
| treatment of arthitis | lifestyle changes, use of support devices, drugs, surgery |
| RA and osteoarthritis are _% of all cases | 90% |
| An inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by a broad spectrum of infectious organisms that reach bone by hematogenous spread, adjacent site, direct organisms. | bacterial osteomyelitis |
| Irregular, poorly marginated bone destruction within the vertebral body is often associated with a characteristic paravertebral abscess, an accumulation of pus material that produces a fusiform soft tissue mass. | TB osteomyelitis |
| A generalized or localized deficiency of bone matrix in which the mass of bone per unit volume is decreased in amount but normal in composition. | osteoporosis |
| major causes of osteoporosis | aging and postmenopausal hormone changes - women ; astronauts |
| Insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton. Lack of balance between osteoid formation and mineralization influencing bone quality; resulting in excessive osteoid formation or insufficient mineralization. | osteomalacia |
| Calcification of growing skeletal elements is defective because of a deficiency of vitamin D in diet or lack of exposure to sunshine. | rickets |
| most common age for rickets | 6 months to 1 year |
| rickets in children is like having _ in adulthood | osteomalacia |
| Disorder in the metabolism of PURINE; increase in the blood level of uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, cartilage, and kidney. | gout |
| cotton wool appearance | pagets |
| clumps of urate crytals = | tophi |
| fibrous dysplasia | A disorder that usually begins in childhood, is characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue within the medullary cavity. |
| most common chronic metabolic disease of the skeleton | pagets |
| Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood or the teen years. (knee) | osteochondroma |
| cotton wool appearance | pagets |
| Slow growing benign cartilaginous tumor arising in the medullary canal. | Slow growing benign cartilaginous tumor arising in the medullary canal. |
| fibrous dysplasia | A disorder that usually begins in childhood, is characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue within the medullary cavity. |
| Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood or the teen years. (knee) | osteochondroma |
| Slow growing benign cartilaginous tumor arising in the medullary canal. | Slow growing benign cartilaginous tumor arising in the medullary canal. |
| Typically arises at the end of the distal femur or proximal tibia of a young adult after epiphyseal closure.(20-40) | giant cell tumor |
| malignant tumor of cartilage ; often in rib, scapula, or verterbra 35-60 y/o | chondromsarcoma |
| Most often arise in the outer table of the skull, the paranasal sinuses and the mandible. | osteoma |
| primary malignant tumor arsing in the bone marrow ; midteens - 30 y/o | ewings sarcoma |
| generally occurs in the end of longs bones- ages 10-25; early mets | osteogenic sarcoma |
| punched out appearance | multiple myeloma |
| what is the survival rate for osteogenic sarcoma | 5 year survival rate |
| A widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and recurrent infections. 40-70 | multiple myeloma |
| malignant tumor of cartilage ; often in rib, scapula, or verterbra 35-60 y/o | chondromsarcoma |
| multiple myeloma is best seen when | lateral view of skull |
| primary malignant tumor arsing in the bone marrow ; midteens - 30 y/o | ewings sarcoma |
| favorite site of mets spread are bones containing = | red bone marrow |
| punched out appearance | multiple myeloma |
| most common maligant bone tumors = | bone mets |
| A widespread malignancy of plasma cells that may be associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and recurrent infections. 40-70 | multiple myeloma |
| multiple myeloma is best seen when | lateral view of skull |
| favorite site of mets spread are bones containing = | red bone marrow |
| most common maligant bone tumors = | bone mets |
| how do bone mets spread | lymph, blood, seeding |
Created by:
macummins1