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Patho- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four major processes of breathing | 1. Ventilation (pulmonary) 2. diffusion (pulmonary) 3. perfusion (cardiovascular) 4. respiration (cardiovascular) |
| Functional breathing | strong muscles + proper lung compliance + elastic recoil + low airway resistance |
| Gas Exchange | transporting O2 to cells and CO2 away from cells |
| Ventilation | movement of air in and out of the lungs, breathing (inspiration and expiration) |
| ventinationi regulated by | respiratory control center (pons/medulla), lung receptors, chemoreceptors |
| ventilation muscles | intercostals, diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid |
| inspiration | unidirectional from high pressure to low pressure, pulls from outside, contraction diaphragm down and intercostals out, expands lungs and chest cavity, breathing in |
| expiration | relaxation diaphragm up and intercostals in, lungs compress increasing the pressure inside the iarways, from high to low pressure |
| Diffusion | O2 and CO2 exchanged at alveolar capillary junctions |
| 2 major processes (diffusion) | 1. O2 to cells 2. CO2 escapes body (depends on pressure and solubility) |
| 2 types of alveolar cells | 1. types I (structure and exchange) 2. type II (surfactant) |
| impaired ventilation risks | compression or narrowing of airway (increases airway restristance), inflammation, edema, exudate, structural, blockage, disruption on neuronal transmission (ignore chemoreceptors/lung receptors) over sedation, drug overdose, damage to repiratory center |
| respiratory patterns | 1. kussmaul (deep and labored breaths) 2. cheyne stokes (near death breathing pattern) 3. tachypnea (abnomrally fast breathing) 4. bradypnea (abnormally slow breathing) |
| Impaired ventilation perfusion mismatch (VQ mismatch) | lung are ventilated, but not perfused, lung is perfused (blood clot in lung), but not ventilated (blocked airway) |
| impaired perfusion | lungs ventilated but not perfused, blood flow problem (blood clot in lung) |
| impaired ventilation | lung perfused but not ventilated, airway obstruction like swelling or mucous |
| impaired diffusion | restricted transfer of O2 or CO2 across alveolar capillary junction, depends on gas solubility and partial pressure, can lead to hypoxia, hypoxemia, and/or hypercapnia. |
| hypoxia | low oxygen in body tissues |
| hypoxemia | low oxygen in blood |
| hypercapnia | high CO2 in blood (trapping of air) |
| local manifestations of impaired ventilation and diffusion | 1. accessory muscle use 2. hemoptysis (coughing up blood) 3. dyspnea 4. othopnea (discomfort while breathing lying down) 5. pursed lip breathing 6. barrel chest 7. change in breathing pattern 8. adventitious lung sounds 9. cough 10. mucus |
| systemic manifestations of impaired ventilation and perfusion | 1. malaise 2. leukocytosis 3. cyanosis 4. arterial blood gas (ABG) 5. mental status change 6. finger clubbing (chronic) 7. lethargy 8. fever |
| hypoxia S/S | restlessness, anxiety, tachycardia/tachypnea, falaring nostrils, straining neck muscles, coughing, cyanosis, adventitious breath sounds |
| humidification | moisten adn liquify secretions in order to expertorate |
| decongestants | nasal vascular vasoconstriction to shrink swollen msucus membranses |
| anti inflammatory meds | acts on chemical mediatorys to reduce inflammatory response |
| antitussives | inhibit cough receptors in medulla |
| bronchodilators | relax bronchial smooth muscle |
| status asthmaticus | severe, life-threatening asthma attack thats refractory to usual treatment and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure. |
| perfusion | normal blood flow through the heart, process of delivering blood oxygen to a capillary bed, integral for oxygenation |
| effective perfusion requirements (adequeate) | 1. adequate ventilation and diffusion 2. adequate blood volume/components 3. adequate cardiac output 4. adequate tissue uptake of oxygen |
| effective perfusion requirements (intact) | 1. intact pulmonary circulation 2. intact cardiac control center (medulla/brain) etc |
| circulation | ability to move through vessels, movement of blood, delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues, removes waste |
| three circulatory pathways | pulmonary, systemic, coronary (cardiac) |
| systemic circulation | supplies blood to all the body except lungs, high pressure, into heart and out to body |
| pulmonary circulation | O2 and CO2 exchange (lungs -> left atria), low pressure, circulation through pulmonary arteries and veins |
| coronary (cardiac) circulation | part of systemic circulation, coronary arteries, extensive collateral circulation |
| systole | contraction (push) going into system (lub) |
| diastole | relaxation (fill), resting (dub sound) |
| cardiac cycle | one contraction and one relaxation. |
| conduction of impulses | action potentials (movement of ions between a membrane), stimulate cardiac contraction and retraction, Na+, Ca+, K+, slow or fast |
| p wave | rapid atrial depolarization |
| QRS compelx | ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | measurement of hearts efficiency to popump optimal amounts of blood CO = SV x HR |
| stroke volume | volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each heartbeat |
| blood pressure | tension of blood within systemic circulation, peripheral vascular resistanvce, viscosity and volume of blood |
| pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (S-D) |
| major factors impacting cardiac output | 1. preload 2. cardiac contractility 3. afterload 4. heart rate 5. blood pressure |
| preload | stretch of heart; volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole |
| afterload | resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood through heart |
| atherosclerosis | the build up of cholesterol which causes the hardening and narrowing of the arteries. main cause of MI. |
| aneurysm | balloon-like enlagrement of wall of artery. result of MI |
| venous stasis | the slowed or stagnant blood flow. especially in lower extremities where blood pools |
| thromboembolus | blood clot that moves thorugh blood vessels possibly blocking the vessels |
| Infarction | tissue death (necrosis) due to ischemia (lack of oxygen and nutrients) and blood to tissue or part. myocardial infarction |
| impaired circulation | blood doesnt move through vessels (injury to vessels and/or obstruction) |
| injury to vessels | inadequate blood volume, hemorrhage. |
| virchows triad | 1. endothelial injuring (clotting) 2. abnormal blood flow (slows allows clots to form) 3. hypercoaguability (makes clotting factors overactive) |
| inadequate cardiac output | 1. changes in blood volume, composition, or viscosity 2. impaired ventricular pumping 3. structural heart defects 4. conduction defects 5. chaanges in resistance |
| ecchmosis | large bruise |
| petechiae | small, pinpoint hemorrhages |
| purpura | multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin |
Created by:
Samantha__Howard