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Anatomy Unit 6
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiration | the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells |
| The respiratory consists of | passages that bring in air and transport it into the body where our body uses it in order to sustain life |
| Ventilation | moving air in and out of lungs (step 1 or 4) |
| external respiration | exchange of gases between the air and the lungs and the blood (steps 2 or 3) |
| internal respiration | exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells (steps 3 or 2) |
| cellular respiration | oxygen utilized by body cells (steps 4 or 1) |
| Why do we breathe | our body cells need oxygen as they use oxygen, carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct too much Co2 will lower the pH of blood and threaten homeostasis |
| functions of the respiratory system | provide oxygen eliminate Co2 |
| upper respiratory tract organs | nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx |
| lower respiratory tract organs | larynx, trachea, bronchial Tree, and lungs |
| nose | two nostrils, internal hairs prevent foreign objects from entering, make air "cleaner" |
| nasal cavity | hollow space behind nose air heated by blood mucous membrane |
| pharynx | located posterior to mouth passageway for food and air |
| advantages of breathing in through your nose | filters/cleans: nose hairs pick up foreign objects, prevent harmful things from entering the body warms = blood in nasal cavity warms the air to get it to body temperature moistens air too! |
| larynx | passageway for moving in and out of trachea houses the vocal cords |
| trachea | flexible cylinder tube that extends downward from larynx made of "c" rings (cartilage rings) |
| structures in the larynx that prevent food and water from entering the lungs | epiglottis glottis |
| epiglottis | structure that covers the larynx when the person swallows helps prevent food and liquid from entering the air passages |
| glottis | opening between vocal cords in larynx closes when food is eaten to help prevent food or liquid from entering the trachea |
| bronchial tree | consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the sacs In the lungs |
| sections of the bronchial | primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli (alveolus) |
| alevoli | - Pulmonary arterioles bring blood to the alveoli, pulmonary venules take blood away from the alveoli. |
| what do alveoli consist of | consists of thin membrane where oxygen occurs |
| where does gas exchange occur | after pulmonary capillaries wrap around alveoli, gas exchange occurs |
| what does the alveoli do during gas exchange | - During gas exchange, oxygen diffuses through alveolar walls (simple squamous epithelium) and enters blood stream. Carbon dioxide diffuses through walls and enters alveoli. |
| respiratory membrane | wall of alveoli and pulmonary make this made up of two layers of simple squamous epithelium where gas exchange occurs between alveoli and the blood |
| lungs | soft spongy, cone shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity |
| the right lung is | larger than the left lung |
| right lung is divided into | 3 sections |
| right lobe sections | superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe |
| left lung is divided into | 2 sections |
| left lungs secions | superior, inferior |
| fissures | a groove or cut in organ, separates the lobe |
| oblique fissure | right lung and left lung |
| horizontal fissure | only right lung |
| pleura | membrane parietal = covers walls of the cavities visceral = covers the viscera (organs), or each cavity |
| parietal pleura | covers thoracic wall compartments |
| visceral pleura | covers lungs |
| function of the pleura | aids in optimal functioning of the lungs during respiration pleura are coated with lubricating pleura fluid which allows the pleurae to slide effortlessly against each other during ventilation (decrease friction) |
| Breathing | movement of air from the outside of the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli; followed by reversal of this air movement |
| Inspiration Definition | Bringing air into the body |
| Expiration Definition | Bringing air out of the body |
| Boyle's Law | Pressure and Volume are inversely related Volume Up, Pressure Down Pressure Up, Volume Down Applies to the lungs |
| Pleura Movement | the Pleura always work together If thoracic cage increases in size, lungs increase in size too |
| Inspiration Air Pressure | Air Pressure is the Key! Difference of air pressure is what causes air to go to lungs Normal air pressure: 760 mmHg When lungs are at rest/exhaled, the pressure outside of lungs is equal to pressure inside lungs. (760 mmHg for both) |
| Inspiration Muscles at work | 2 muscles at work Diaphragm - contracts and moves downward External intercostals muscles - between our ribs contracts and raises ribs Both contraction cause thoracic cage to grow (gains volume) Parietal and visceral pleura enlarge the lungs |
| Inspiration process | as a result of thoracic cage getting bigger, air pressure drops to about 758 mmHg with this drop in air pressure, air wants to come into the lungs from outside the body AIR MOVES FROM HIGH PRESSURE AREA TO LOW PRESSURE AREA |
| Boyles Law to Inspiration | If we increase our lung volume, as we breathe in, the pressure inside our lungs will go down. Air always moves from high to low areas Air will come into the lungs where there is lower pressure |
| Forced Inspiraition | when a deeper than normal breath is desired pressure in lungs: less than 758 mmHg |
| Forced Inspiration Muscles at work | Diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract more forcefully. Additional muscles: Pectoralis minor and Sternocleidomastoid Used to pull the thoracic cage bigger |
| Expiration | expiration force is elastic recoil of lung tissues expiration will just happen because lungs want to go back to where they were, like a rubber band (back to original shape) |
| Expiration muscles at work | Expiration is a passive process: there is no contractions of muscles |
| Diaphragm role in Expiration | Diaphragm is pushed upwards (resting position) Volume of lungs decrease, pressure increases -760 mmHg |
| Forced Expiration | if a person needs to exhale more than normal Decreases volume, pressure increases Pressure in lungs is less than 760mmHg |
| Forced Expiration Muscles at work | Internal Intercostals muscles and abdominal muscles (used to force air out) |
| Surfactant | Certain alveolar walls make surfactant made continuously in alveoli reduces tendency to collapse by reducing surface tension makes breathing in easy |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) | - when you don't have enough surfactant - cannot overcome surface tension to inflate alveoli - synthetic surfactant is now a thing |
| Pnuemonia | Viral or bacterial. Alveolar linings swell. Fluids enter your lungs. Result = less surface area on alveoli = decrease gas exchange. |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed lung. Due to an obstruction of a respiratory tube. Airways beyond obstruction collapse as air is taken in. |
| Yawning | forceful inspiration usually connected to being tired recent studies show connection of bringing more air to brain |
| Respiratory Areas | groups of neurons (chemoreceptors) in brain stem that comprise the respiratory Areas, which control breathing - located in the pons and the medulla |
| Partial pressure | in a mixture of gases (such as air), each gas accounts for a portion of the total pressure the mixture produces - the amount of pressure of each gas in the mixture also proportional to the concentration of the gas |
| Dissolved Gases | - gas molecules in the air may dissolve in liquid - this occurs with Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide dissolving in blood - are not attached to hemoglobin or anything, they just hang out in plasma |
| Diffusion at Alveoli | Molecules diffuse from regions where they are in higher concentration toward regions where they are in lower concentration - molecules move in the direction of the concentration gradient |
| External respiration gas exchange OXYGEN | Oxygen: in alveoli: PO2 = 104 mmHg - in the pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood): PO2 = 40 mmHg Oxygen goes from alveoli to pulmonary artery |
| External Respiration gas exchange CARBON DIOXIDE | - in the alveoli: PCO2 = 40 mmHg - in the pulmonary artery: PCO2 = 45 mmHg Carbon dioxide goes from the pulmonary artery to the alveoli |
| Oxygen transport | two main ways for oxygen transport in blood 1. Oxygen (98%) is carried in the blood bound to the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. 2. The remainder (2%) is dissolved in plasma Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules |
| release of oxygen | Oxygen is given up to body cells to be used - Chemcial bonds between oxygen and hemoglobin are unstable Oxygen is given up to body cells easily. |
| Factors that influence amount of oxygen given up | - Increase CO2 in blood - Lower pH - Increase temperature |
| Carbon dioxide transport | 3 ways for transport - Dissolved Plasma (7%) - Binds to hemoglobin (15-25%) - Bicabonate ion (as much as 70%) |
| Co2 | an increase in CO2 in the blood leads to a decrease in blood pH. Thus we need to breathe it out. |
| After your body cells utilize the oxygen | CO2 (from body cells) + H2O (plasma) -> H2CO3 H2CO3 is carbonic acid H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) HCO3- is the bicarbonate ion in which carbon dioxide is mainly carried around in. H+ leads to higher blood acidity (lower pH). |
| When you breathe out, reverse the reaction | H+ + HCO3- -> H2CO3 -> CO2 (breathe this out) + H2O Why? Because we cannot breathe out HCO3-. We need to breathe out CO2 (gas). |
| Blood pH | normal blood pH is 7.35-7.4 (slightly basic) Two main organs that help balance - Lungs: breathe out Co2 - Kidneys: Urinate out hydrogen ions |
| Acidosis | when blood pH is below 7.35 (too acidic) |
| Alkalosis | when blood pH is above 7.45 (too basic) |
| hyperventilation | stress, panic, fast, quick breathing lose Co2 rapidly = causing increase pH (basic) Breathe into bag to change partial pressure |
| Purpose of breathing | - to get rid of Co2 - if you have too much Co2, need to breathe fast to get Co2 out |
| Respiratory Volume | - there are different distinct volumes of areas in the lungs - at any given time, there is a different amount of air in the lungs - we have ways of computing and figuring out how much air is in the lungs at all time |
| Respiratory Cycle | one inspiration followed by one expiration |
| Tidal Volume (TV) | - the volume of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle - usually about 500 ml of air |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | - the additional volume of air is inhaled during forced inspiration - usually about 3,000 ml of air |
| Expiratory Reserve System (ERV) | - the additional volume of air that is exhaled during forced expiration - usually around 1,100 ml of air - in addition to tidal volume, one could get up to 1,600 ml of air out of their lungs |
| Residual Volume (RV) | - even after the most forceful expiration, about 1,200 ml remains in the lungs - ALWAYS have residual volume |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | - the total amount of air you can breathe in and out - usually around 4,600ml |
| Vital Capacity Equation | IRV + TV + ERV = |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | maximum volume of air a person can inhale - usually around 5,300 ml |
| Inspiratory Capacity Equation | TV + IRV = |
| Functional Residual Capacity | - volume of air that remains in the lungs following a resting expiration - around 2,300 ml |
| Functional Residual Capacity Equation | ERV + RV = |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | - the total amount the lungs can hold - usually about 5,800 ml - this varies with age, sex, and body size |
| Total Lung Capacity Equation | IRV + TV + ERV + RV = |
Created by:
Shannonnev0822