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Skin Deep
VMT Chapter 10
| Integumentary system | Consists of skin and its appendages |
| What are the appendages in the Integumentary system? | Glands, Hair, Fur, Wool, Feathers, Scales, Claws, Beaks, Horns, Hooves, and Nails |
| What does skin do? | Physical barrier that protects animals from microbial infection, injury, ultraviolet rays, chemicals, and toxins |
| T or F, Skin plays a role in waterproofing the body, preventing fluid loss, providing temperature regulation, excreting waste, and providing a site for vitamin D synthesis. | True |
| Sebaceous glands | Lubricate the skin and discourage bacterial growth on the skin |
| Sweat glands | Regulate body temperature and excrete waste through sweat |
| Hair | Helps control body heat loss and is a sense receptor |
| Nails | Protect the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx |
| What tissue is the skin composed of? | Epithelial tissue, sometimes called the epithelium |
| cutane/o, derm/o, dermat/o, -derma | Skin |
| Dermatology | Study of skin |
| The skin is made up of these three layers. | The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer |
| Epidermis | outermost superficial layer of the skin, several layers thick and does not contain blood vessels. |
| What is the epidermis sometimes called and why? | Avascular layer due to lack of blood vessels and having to depend on the deeper layers for nourishment |
| What two areas have the most layers of epidermis? | Paw pads and teats |
| What is made up of squamous epithelium and basal layers? | Epidermis |
| Squamous epithelium | Composed of flat, platelike cells |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | Flat, platelike cells arranged in many layers |
| Basal layer | Deepest layer of the epidermis |
| As cells move superficially into the basal layer they die and become filled with _____. | Keratin |
| Keratin | Protein that provides skin iwth its waterproofing properties |
| Kerat/o | Keratin, horny, or cornea |
| Melanocytes | Cells that produce and contain a black pigment |
| Melanin | Black pigment |
| melan/o | Black or dark |
| What does Melanin do? | Protects the skin from harmful rays of the sun and is responsible for skin pigmentation |
| Albinism | Absence of normal pigmentation |
| Dermis | Layer directly deep to the epidermis, also called the corium, and is composed of blood, lymph vessels, nerve fibers, and accessory organs of the skin |
| Sensory nerve endings | Sensory receptors for touch, temperature, pain, and pressure |
| Perception | Ability to recognize sensory stimuli |
| Tactile perception | Ability to recognize touch sensation |
| The dermis contains what type of tissue and is composed of what? | Connective tissue, Fibroblasts, Collagen, Histiocytes, and Mast Cells |
| Fibroblasts | Fiber-producing cells, Collagen is the major fiber in the dermis |
| Collagen | Tough, flexible, fibrous protein found in the skin, bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
| -gen | To produce |
| Histiocytes | Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign substances, also called tissue macrophages |
| Mast Cells | Cells that respond to insult by producing and releasing histamine and heparin |
| Histamine | Chemical released in response to allergens that cause itching |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant chemical released in response to injury |
| Stratum basale / Stratum germinativum | Deepest or basal layer that multiplies to replenish cells lost from the epidermal surface. |
| Stratum spinosum | Layer immediately superficial to the stratum basale, thickest in hairless regions and in areas of high wear and tear |
| Keratinization | Development of the hard, protein constituent of hair, nails, epidermis, horny structures, and tooth enamel. |
| Desquamation | Process in which cell organelles gradually dissolve |
| What is the stratum spinosum also called? | Prickle or spinous layer |
| Stratum granulosum | Layer immediately superficial to the stratum spinosum, contain keratin granules in their cytoplasm |
| Stratum lucidum | layer immediately superficial to the stratum granulosum, clear due to accumulation of keratin fibers in cytoplasm, not present in all species |
| Stratum corneum | Most superficial layer of the epidermis, consists of dead, highly keratinized, and flattened cells, also called the horny layer |
| Subcutaneous layer / Hypodermis | Located deep to the dermis and composed of connective tissue, contains a large amount of fat or lipids |
| Adipocytes | Fat cells that produce lipids |
| Adip/o | Fat |
| What are the two main categories of skin glands? | Sebaceous and sweat glands |
| What gland secretes an oily substance called sebum? | Sebaceous or oil glands |
| seb/o | Sebum or oily substance |
| Ducts | Tubelike passages, tiny ducts are called ductules |
| Sebum moves from the ____ ____ to the skin surface, where it ____ the skin. | Hair follicle, lubricates |
| Sebum | Slightly acidic and retards bacterial growth on the skin |
| What are sebaceous glands considered and why? | Holocrine glands because they secrete cells that make up the discharge produced. |
| Where are sebaceous glands found? | Anal sacs, glands that produce musk, and supracaudal glands |
| Sudoriferous glands/ Sweat glands | Aggregations of cells located in the dermis and divided into eccrine and apocrine glands |
| Eccrine sweat glands | Produce and secrete water, salt, and waste, located in various regions of the body depending on the species. |
| What glands are tiny, coiled and have ducts that open directly onto the skin surface through pores? | Eccrine sweat glands |
| Apocrine sweat glands | Produce and secrete a strong-smelling substance into the hair follicles and are found throughout the body. |
| How do sweat glands help the body? | Regulate body temperature against high body temperature (Hyperthermia) and low body temperature (Hypothermia) |
| Hidrosis | Production and excretion of sweat |
| Hidr/o | Sweat |
| Anhidrosis | Abnormal reduction of sweating |
| Hyperhidrosis | Excessive sweating |
| Ceruminous glands | Modified sweat glands that are located in the ear canal and secrete cerumen |
| Cerumen | Waxy substance of varying colors depending on the species, commonly called earwax |
| Rodlike fibers made of dead protein cells filled with keratin | Hair |
| pil/i, pil/o, trich/o | Hair |
| Hair shaft | Portion of hair extending beyond the skin surface |
| What is the hair shaft composed of? | Cuticle, Cortex, and Medulla |
| Cuticle | One layer thick and appears scaly |
| Cortex | Main component of the hair shaft, several layers thick and is responsible for coat color |
| Medulla | Innermost component of the hair shaft |
| Root | Portion of the hair below the skin surface, surrounded by a hair follicle |
| Hair follicles | Tubes that hold the hair fibers, expand to form a hair bulb |
| The cells at the base of the follicle divide rapidly and push old cells toward the skin surface where they _______. | Harden and undergo pigmentation |
| Arrector pili | Tiny muscles attached to the hair follicle that causes the hair to stand erect in respond to cold temperatures or stress |
| What is it called when a dog contracts the arrector pili along the dorsal side of the neck down to the spine? | Raising the hackles |
| Piloerection | Condition of the hair standing straight up |
| The distal phalanx of animals is covered by ____, _____, and _____. | Nails, Claws, and Hooves |
| Fur | Short, fine, soft hair |
| Pelt | Skin in addition to fur or hair |
| Guard hairs | Long, straight, stiff hairs that form the outer coat, also called primary hairs or topcoat |
| Secondary hairs | Finer, softer, and wavy hair, also called undercoat |
| Tactile hairs | Long, brittle, extremely sensitive hairs usually located on the face, also called vibrissae |
| Vibrissae | Longer tactile hairs, ex: cat whiskers |
| Cilia | Thin, short hairs, Ex: eyelashes |
| Simple pattern hair growth | Guard hairs that grow from separate follicular openings |
| Compound pattern hair growth | Multiple guard hairs that grow from single follicles |
| phyt/o | Plant |
| Trich/o | Hair |
| Digital pads | Subcutaneous layer that contains a large number of adipose cells and elastic connective tissue located on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the phalanges. |
| Metacarpal and Metatarsal Pads | Singular pads located on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the metacarpal and metatarsal areas |
| Carpal pads | Located on the palmar surface of each carpus |
| Digigrade | Walk on their digits with only the phalanges, metacarpals and metatarsals, carpal and tarsal bones making contact with the ground |
| Platigrade | Well-developed food pads and walk on the full pad not toes |
| -grade | To go |
| Coronary band | Region where the hoof meets the skin, site of hoof wall growth, and also called the coronet |
| Periople | Flaky tissue band located at the junction of the coronary band and the hoof wall, extends distally, covers the bulb of heels |
| Wall | Epidermal tissue that includes the toe, quarters, and heels |
| Bars | Raised v-shape structure on ventral surface of hoof, located on either side of the frog |
| Sole | Softer hoof tissue located on the ventral surface of the hoof |
| Frog | V-shaped pad of soft horn located in the central region of the ventral hoof surface of equine |
| Bulbs of heel | Upward thickening of the frog above the heels of the wall |
| Quick | Connective tissue dermis that contains numerous blood vessels and nerve endings, very sensitive |
| Quicking | Term used to describe trimming the nail or claw to the level of the dermis, results in bleeding and pain |
| onych/o | Claw |
| Hooves | Horny covering of the distal phalanx in ungulates or hooved animals |
| Ungulates | Hooved animals |
| ungul/o | Hoof |
| Corium | Dermis of the hoof that is located under the epidermal surface of the hoof wall, sole, and frog, corresponds to the quick |
| What structures are vestigial? | Dewclaws, Chestnuts, and Ergots |
| Chestnuts | Located on the medial surface of the leg Front leg: above the knee Back leg: below the hock |
| Ergots | Located in the tuft of hair on the fetlock joint |
| Biopsy | Removal of living tissue for examination of life |
| bi/o | Life |
| -opsy | View of |
| Incisional biopsy | Removal of a piece of a tumor or lesion for examination |
| Incision | Cut into tissue |
| Excisional Biopsy | Removal of an entire tumor or lesion in addition to a margin of surrounding tissue for an examination |
| Excision | Cut out of tissue |
| Needle Biopsy | Insertion of a sharp instrument into a tissue for examination |
| Culture | Diagnostic or research procedure used to allow microbes to reproduce in predetermined media |
| Tissue culture | Takes epithelial cells and grows them in a medium so that intracellular microbes such as viruses can replicate |
| Horns | Permanent structures that grow continuously after birth, grow from frontal skull bones |
| Cornification | Coversion of epithelium into keratin or horn |
| Polled | Breeds that are naturally hornless |
| Antlers | Not permanent structures and are shed and regrown annually, grow from the skull |
| Velvet | Skin that animal rubs off after it dies, after its rubbed off the bone is exposed and antlers lose their blood supply, antlers eventually shed. |
| Exfoliative cytology | Scraping of cells from tissue and examination under a microscope |
| Intradermal skin testing | Injection of test substances into the skin layer to observe a reaction |
| What is Tuberculosis testing called? | Purified protein derivative or PPD |
| Skin Scrape | Microscopic examination of skin for the presence of mites, skin is sampled by scraping a scalpel blade across an area that is squeezed or raised to contain a deep skin sample |
| Abrasian | Injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped |
| Abscess | Localized collection of pus, fluid from abscess may be described as caseous or cheese-like |
| Acne | Skin inflammation caused by plugged sebaceous glands and comedone development from papules and pustules |
| Acute moist dermatitis | Bacterial skin disease that is worsened by licking and scratching, also called hot spot |
| Alopecia | Hair loss resulting in hairless patches or complete lack of hair |
| alopec/o | Baldness |
| Atopy | Hypersensitivity reaction in animals involving pruritus with secondary dermatitis, commonly called allergies or allergic dermatitis |
| Hypersensitization | Increased response to allergen |
| Hyposensitization | Decreased response to allergen |
| Bullae | Multiple contained skin elevations filled with fluid that are greater than 0.5cm in diameter |
| Burn | Tissue injury caused by heat, flame, electricity, chemicals, or radiation |
| Carbuncle | Cluster of furuncles |
| Carcinoma | Malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue |
| carcin/o | Cancerous |
| Cellulitis | Inflammation of connective tissue |
| Comedo | Blackhead or buildup of sebum and keratin in a pore |
| Contusion | Injury that does not break the skin, characterized by pain, swelling, or discoloration |
| Crust | Collection of dried sebum and cellular debris |
| Cyst | Closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material |
| Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin |
| Contact dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin caused by touching an irritant |
| Dermatocellulitis | Abnormal skin condition caused by superficial fungus, also called dermatophytosis |
| Dermatophytosis | Superficial fungi that are found on the skin, such as fungus that causes ringworm |
| Dermatosis | Abnormal skin condition |
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Canine autoimmune disease in which the bridge of the nose exhibit depigmentation, erythema, scaling, and erosion, DLE |
| Dyskeratosis | Abnormal alteration in keratinization |
| Ecchymosis | Purplish nonelevated patch of bleeding into the skin, bruise |
| Ecthyma | Skin infection with shallow eruptions caused by a pox virus, soremouth |
| Eczema | Inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, rusts, and scabs either along or in combination |
| Eosinophilic granuloma complex | Autoimmune lesion of eosinophilic ulcer, eosinophilic plaque, and linear granuloma found in cats and rarely dogs |
| What does Eosinophilic granuloma complex do? | Affects the skin, mucocutaneous junctions, and oral mucosa of cats involving raised, ulcerated plaques |
| Eosinophilic ulcer / rodent ulcer | Located on the lip and oral mucosa of cats |
| Eosinophilic plaques | Raised pruritic lesions on the ventral abdomen of cats |
| Linear granulomas | Located in a line usually on the caudal aspect of the hindlimbs of cats |
| Erythema | Skin redness |
| Erythematous | Pertaining to redness |
| Erythroderma | Abnormal redness of skin occurring over a widespread area |
| Erythr/o, erythem/o, and erythemat/o | Red |
| Exanthema | Cutaneous rash caused by fever or disease |
| Excoriation | Skin surface injury caused by self-trauma |
| Feline miliary dermatitis | Skin disease of cats in which multiple crust and bumps are present predominantly on the dorsum |
| Fissure | Cracklike sore |
| Fistula | Abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs |
| fistul/o | Tube or pipe |
| Flea allergy dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic reaction to flea saliva, FAD |
| Allergen | Substance that produces an allergic response |
| Footrot | Bacterial hoof disease that spreads from the interdigital skin to the deeper foot structures |
| Frostbite | Tissue damage caused by extreme cold or contact with chemicals with extreme temperature |
| Furuncle | Localized skin infection in a gland or hair follicle, boil |
| Furunculosis | Abnormal condition of persistent boils over a period of time |
| Papule | Small solid raised lesion that is less than 0.5cm in diameter |
| Plaque | Solid raised lesion that is greater than 0.5cm in diameter |
| Macule | Flat discolored lesion that is less than 1cm in diameter |
| Patch | Flat discolored lesion that is greater than 1cm in diameter |
| Scale | Flaking or dry patch made up of excess dead epidermal cells |
| Crust | Collection of dried serum and cellular debris |
| Wheal | Smooth, slightly elevated swollen area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin, itiching |
| Gangrene | Necrosis associated with loss of circulation |
| Putrefaction | Decay that produces a foul smell |
| Granuloma | Small area of healing tissue |
| Hemangioma | Benign tumor composed of newly formed blood vessels |
| Hyperkeratosis | Abnormal condition of increased growth of the horny layer of the skin, Acanthokeratodermia |
| Louse | Wingless parasitic insect |
| Pediculosis | Lice infestion |
| Mite | Insect with a hard exoskeleton and paired jointed legs |
| mange | Skin disease caused by mites |
| Chiggers | Infestation by mite larvae that results in severe pruritus |
| Acariasis | Infestation with ticks or mites |
| Myiasis | Infestation by fly larvae |
| Keratosis | Abnormal condition of epidermal overgrowth and thickening |
| Laceration | Accidental cut into the skin |
| Lesion | Pathologic change of tissue used to describe abnormalities in many locations |
| Lipoma | Benign growth of fat cells |
| Melanoma | Tumor or growth of pigmented skin cells |
| Nodule | Small knot protruding above the skin |
| Onychomcyosis | Superficial fungal infection of the claw |
| Pallor | Skin paleness |
| Papilloma | Benign epithelial growth that is lobed |
| papill/o, papill/i | Nipplelike |
| Parakeratosis | Lesion characterized by thick scales, cracking, and red raw surface caused by the persistence of keratinocyte nuclei in the horny layer of the skin |
| Paronychia | Bacterial or viral infection of the claw |
| Pemphigus | Group of immune mediated skin disease characterized by vesicles, bullae, and ulcers |
| Phigus vulgaris | Consists of shallow ulcerations frequently involving the oral mucosa and mucocutaneous junctions |
| Petechiae | Small, pinpoint hemorrhages |
| Pododermatitis | Foot infection in animals, particularly birds, small mammals, or rodents from standing on wire or mesh flooring not cleaned |
| Bumblefoot or sock hocks is also called? | Pododermatitis |
| Polyp | Growth from mucous membranes |
| Pruritus | Itching |
| Purpura | Condition characterized by hemorrhage into the skin that causes bruising |
| Pustule | Small, circumscribed, pus-filled skin elevation |
| Circumscribed | Contained in a limited area |
| Pyoderma | Skin disease containing pus |
| py/o | Pus |
| Pus | Inflammatory product made up of leukocytes, cell debris, and fluid |
| Purulent | Producing pus |
| Puppy pyoderma | Skin disease in puppies characterized by pus-containing lesions |
| Juvenile pyoderma | Skin disease in puppies that progresses to a systemic disease characterized by fever, anorexia, and enlarged lymph nodes |
| Sarcoma | Malignant neoplasm of soft tissue arising from connective tissue |
| Sarc/o | Flesh |
| Scale | Flake |
| Scar | Mark left by a healing lesion where excess collagen was produced to replace injured tissue, cicatrix |
| Sebaceous cyst | Closed sac of yellow fatty material |
| Seborrhea | Skin condition characterized by overproduction of sebum |
| Skin tag | Small growth hangs from the body of stalks |
| Ulcer | Erosion of skin or mucous membrane |
| Decubital ulcers | Erosions of skin or mucous membrane as a result of prolonged pressure, bedsores |
| Urticaria | Localized areas of swelling that itch, hives |
| Verrucae | Warts |
| Cauterization | Destruction of tissue using electric current, heat, or chemicals |
| Cryosurgery | Destruction of tissue using extreme cold |
| Debridement | Removal of tissue and foreign material to aid healing |
| Lance | Open or pierce with a lancet to allow drainage |
| Laser | Device that transfers light into an intense beam for various purposes |
| bx | Biopsy |
| DLE | Discoid Lupus Erythematosus |
| FAD | Flea Allergy Dermititis |
| ID | Intradermal |
| PPD | Purified protein derivative |
| SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
| SQ, SC, subq, subcu | Subcutaneous |
Created by:
VTodd639