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A&P2 EXAM 2

What tissue lines the endocardium and tunica intima? Simple squamous epithelium
What is the inner part of the serous membrane covering the heart? Visceral pericardium
What are the white collagen cords that attach to the AV valves? Chordae tendineae
Which coronary artery is called the “widow maker”? Left anterior descending artery
Which ventricle has a thinner wall and why? Right ventricle; it pumps blood to the lungs
What is the purpose of heart valves? Allow blood to flow in one direction only
The left atrium receives blood from? Pulmonary veins
Which chamber pumps blood into the aorta? Left ventricle
Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood? Inferior vena cava and pulmonary artery
The left atrium receives O₂-rich blood from which circuit? Pulmonary circuit
Which is true about ventricular output? Both ventricles pump the same amount of blood
What connects cardiac muscle cells for ion passage? Gap junctions
Which circuit operates at higher pressure? Systemic circuit
What does the P wave on an ECG represent? Atrial depolarization
What does the QRS complex represent? Ventricular depolarization
When ventricular pressure < aortic pressure, what happens? Aortic semilunar valve closes
What produces the first heart sound ("lubb") and second sound ("dupp")? AV valves close for "lubb"; semilunar valves close for "dupp"
Blood ejected from each ventricle per minute is called? Cardiac output
Cardiac center that increases heart rate? Cardioacceleratory center (medulla oblongata)
Which statement about stroke volume is FALSE? Increase in end systolic volume increases stroke volume
Which does NOT describe the Frank-Starling law? Stretching atrial walls causes faster SA node depolarization
Which does NOT increase heart rate? Acetylcholine
Blocked coronary circulation results in? Myocardial infarction
Plaque/fatty buildup in arteries that increases BP and resistance? Atherosclerosis
Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 bpm) is called? Tachycardia
Deficiency of oxygen supply to myocardium is called? Coronary ischemia
The pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood is called? Afterload
The right atrium receives blood from the? Superior & inferior vena cavae
The right atrium receives O₂-poor blood returning from which circuit? Systemic circuit
The left atrium receives O₂-rich blood returning from which circuit? Pulmonary circuit
The right ventricle pumps O₂-poor blood into which circuit? Pulmonary circuit
The left ventricle pumps O₂-rich blood into which circuit? Systemic circuit
What is angina pectoris? Chest or thoracic pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
Which vessels supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle? Coronary arteries
When coronary circulation is blocked, the result can be? Myocardial infarction
Each cardiac muscle cell is interconnected to its neighbors via? Intercalated discs
What is the pacemaker of the heart called? SA node
Correct order of electrical conduction through the heart? SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
Where are conducting cells also found and what is their conduction path? In walls of interventricular septum and ventricles; AV bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
Which cardiac center controls parasympathetic neurons that slow HR? Cardioinhibitory center of the medulla oblongata
A graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart is called? Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Contraction of the heart chambers is called ___ and relaxation is called ___? Systole; diastole
Which valves close as the ventricles contract? Left & right AV valves
Which is the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute? Cardiac output
What increases stroke volume by increasing preload? Increased venous return
What is hypocalcemia? Low calcium
What is hypercalcemia? High calcium
What is hypokalemia? Low potassium
What is hyperkalemia? High potassium
What condition is arteriosclerosis? Artery becomes calcified, rigid, cannot expand and becomes weak
What are characteristics of arteries? More smooth muscle, no valves, higher blood pressure
What are characteristics of veins? Less smooth muscle, have valves, lower blood pressure
What is polycythemia and its effect on BP? Increased red cell mass → increased viscosity and TPR → increased BP
How do anemia and liver disease affect blood viscosity and BP? They decrease viscosity and TPR → decreased BP
Which hormones cause vasoconstriction? Epinephrine, angiotensin II, ADH
Which hormone causes vasodilation and increases Na+ and water excretion? ANP
What do the umbilical arteries carry and in which direction? Away from fetus; contain O₂-poor blood
What does the ductus arteriosus do? Bypasses the lungs; shunt from pulmonary trunk → aorta
Where does blood flow after arterioles (site of gas exchange)? Capillaries
Which arteries absorb pressure changes with elastic fibers? Elastic arteries
Pulmonary veins & vena cavae are examples of which vessel type? Large veins
What structure regulates capillary blood flow? Precapillary sphincter
What are special interconnections that provide alternate pathways? Anastomoses
What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel? Tunica externa
What adaptations increase venous return? Skeletal muscle pump, vasoconstriction, inhalation (all of the above)
What is true about vasoconstriction? It increases blood pressure
Which organs have increased blood flow during exercise? Skin and skeletal muscle
When capillary hydrostatic pressure (HP) > osmotic pressure (OP) at the arteriolar end, what occurs? Fluid is filtered out of the capillary
What is the bottom number in a 120/80 mmHg reading? Diastolic pressure
Autoregulation of blood flow occurs primarily at what level? Arteriolar smooth muscle
When blood pressure increases, which of the following does NOT occur to lower BP? Vasoconstriction
Which is NOT part of the indirect renal (RAAS) mechanism when BP falls? Epinephrine
Circulatory changes that occur at birth include? Foramen ovale closes, ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus constrict, umbilical flow stops (all of the above)
Oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus travels by which vessel? Umbilical vein
Deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta travels by which vessels? Umbilical arteries
Which shunt directs blood from right atrium to left atrium in fetus? Foramen ovale
Which shunt directs blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta in fetus? Ductus arteriosus
Which fetal shunt largely bypasses the liver? Ductus venosus
Which fetal organs are bypassed because they are underdeveloped? Lungs and liver
Where does blood pressure reach its highest and lowest points? Highest in the aorta; lowest in the veins
Which layer of blood vessels contains the smooth muscle for vasoconstriction/dilation? Tunica media
Which statement about elastic arteries is FALSE? They are considered blood reservoirs
Which source of total peripheral resistance changes constantly with tissue needs? Blood vessel diameter
Which change will cause blood pressure to increase? Decrease blood vessel diameter
What part of the brain houses the vasomotor center that regulates blood pressure? Medulla oblongata
Stimulation of the vasomotor center directly results in? Vasoconstriction
Which change stimulates chemoreceptors to increase respiratory rate? Decreased oxygen blood levels
Which hormone is NOT primarily involved in long-term regulation of BP? Epinephrine
This type of shock is due to a severe systemic bacterial infection? Septic shock
During exercise, blood flow to which organ is relatively unaffected? Brain
When blood osmotic pressure (OP) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure (HP), what occurs? Fluid moves into the capillary via reabsorption
What collects excess fluid that capillaries do not reabsorb? Lymphatic vessels
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus? Umbilical vein
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation? Bypasses the lungs; shunt from pulmonary trunk → aorta
What is the top number in a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg? Systolic pressure
Which type of vessel has valves and thin walls with low pressure? Veins
Which type of vessel has thick walls with lots of smooth muscle and high pressure? Arteries
What condition involves fatty plaque build-up in arteries? Atherosclerosis
What is the name of the heart’s conduction fibers that spread impulses through the ventricles? Purkinje fibers
What causes the atrial (Bainbridge) reflex and what does it do? Increased venous return/atrial filling → SA node depolarizes faster → increased HR
What clinical condition has a resting heart rate of 60 bpm or less? Bradycardia
What rhythm disturbance results from excessive potassium (hyperkalemia)? Risk of cardiac arrest / arrhythmias
What effect does increased contractility have on stroke volume? Increases stroke volume
What effect does increased venous return have on stroke volume? Increases stroke volume
What effect does increased end systolic volume have on stroke volume? Decreases stroke volume (so statement "increase ESV increases SV" is false)
What structure prevents backflow from ventricles into atria? Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Which semilunar valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle? Aortic semilunar valve
Which semilunar valve prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle? Pulmonary semilunar valve
Created by: mahak
 

 



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