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AP Gov U3 P1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Linkage Institutions | The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy. This includes elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media |
| Collective Goods | something of value that cannot be withheld from a potential group member |
| Rational Choice Theory | Individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives |
| Party Identification | A citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other. |
| Ticket Splitting | Voting with one party for one office and other party for other offices. |
| Party Machines | A type of political organization that relies on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern |
| Patronage | A key inducement used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone. |
| Close Primaries | Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party's candadite |
| Open Primaries | Elections to select nominees in which voters can decide on election day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests. |
| national party convention | The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform. |
| national committee | Keeps the party operation between conventions. Composed of representatives from the states and territories. |
| coalition | A group of individuals with a common interest on which every political party depends. |
| critical election | an electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. |
| party realignment | The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period. |
| new deal coalition | coalition forged by democrats who dominated American politics from 1930-1960. Its basic elements consisted of the urban working class, ethnic groups, catholics and jews, the poor, southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals. |
| party dealignment | the gradual disengagement of people from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification. |
| third parties | electoral contender other than the two major parties. They are not unusual however they rarely win elections. |
| winner takes all system | electoral system where legislative seats are awarded to the candidate who comes in first place. |
| proportional representation | electoral system used throughout most parts of Europe that awards seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election |
| coalition government | When two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty systems of Europe. |
| Responsible Party Model | A model that shows how parties should work. Parties should offer clear choices to the voters and once in office, should carry out the promises of their campaign. |
| blue dog democrats | Fiscally conservative Democrats who are mostly from the South and/or rural parts of the United States. |
| party centered campaign | A campaign in which the party coordinates activities, raises money, and develops strategies |
| grassroots party | a political party organized at the level of voters and dependent on their support for its strength |
| multiparty system | a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition |
| hard money | political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. |
| soft money | campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities. |
| Money Chase | A term used to describe the fact that US campaigns are very expensive and candidates must spend a great amount of time raising funds in order to compete succesfully |
| air wars | The use of mass media by candidates to reach a large, general audience. |
| ground wars | a campaigns direct, personal, and grassroots efforts to contact and mobilize individual voters. |
| web wars | modern political campaigning that uses the internet and digital technology to target voters with personalized messages |
| iron triangle | The relationship between a congressional committee, a federal agency, and an interest group that work together to influence policy and achieve their shared goals. |
| interest groups | an organization of people with sahred policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. Interest groups pursue their goals in many arenas. |
| Free Rider Program | The problem of people not joining because they can benefit from the group's activities without joining |
| selective benefits | Goods that a group can restrict to those who actually join |
| Single-Issue Groups | Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics |
| Lobbying | Attempting to influence government decisions on behalf of a specific interest group, which can include corporations, unions, or non-profits. |
| Electioneering | Direct group involvement in the electoral process. This includes funding campaigns, members working for candidates, and forming political action committees. |
| Political Action Committees | Groups that raise money from individuals and then distribute it in the form of contributions to candidates that the group supports. |
| Public Interest Groups | groups that organize to influence government to produce collective goods or services that benefit the general public. |
| Expenditures | Refers to government spending on goods and services. They are a key part of government budgets and fiscal policy. |
| Congressional Budget Office | a nonpartisan agency that provides Congress with objective economic and budget data. |
| Entitlement Programs | a government benefit that is guaranteed to any citizen who meets a specific eligibility criteria. |
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