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CLTM 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ACNS guidelines for performance specifications of amplifiers: | Noise level less than 1 UV rms, Input impedance of at least 1 M, Common mode rejection of at least 60DB, Dynamic range of at least 40 DB |
| The ACNS technical specifications recommend for data acquisition/storage: | Able to record at least 24 hrs of video and 32-64 channels of EEG. Able to store a minimum off 30GB and 24 hrs of video/EEG |
| What is the # of channels ACNS recommends as minimally sufficient for ambulatory EEG? | 8 channels |
| What is the current range for impedance measurements recommended by ACNS that can be safely performed for intracranial electrodes? | 10nA |
| Per ACNS guideline 12, what is the illumination required for a standard monochrome (black and white) camera? | 0.5 foot candles |
| What is the unit foot candle? | The amount of illumination of a one foot radius sphere from a uniform point source of one candle in the exact center of the sphere. One foot candle is equal to one lumen per square foot or approx 10.764 lux |
| Therapeutic hypothermia | Used for comatose patients following cardiac arrest |
| Per ACNS guideline 12, what is the illumination required for low light monochrome video camera? | 0.03 foot candles |
| What is the illumination required for silicon intensified (star light) video camera? | 0.000025 foot candles |
| What is the illumination required for color video camera? | 25 foot candles |
| What are 2 advantages of a pressure zone microphone? | 1. Mounts on flat surface 2. Reduced echo reverberation |
| ACNS guidelines for LTM recommend that monochrome display monitors have how many pairs? | 525 line pairs |
| The ACNS guidelines for LTM specify that the time code sync between EEG and video should be less than? | 0.5 seconds |
| What are the recommended display monitor specifications? | 1600x1200 pixels with diagonal screen size of 20 inches |
| Eloquent cortex: | The area of the brain if removed would result in deficit |
| Magnetoencephalography (MEG): | Functional neuroimaging technique for mapping activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical activity of the brain |
| ECOG: | Used in functional mapping. Recommend frequency bandpass 0.5-70hz with sensitivity of 30-50uV/mm |
| Direct cortical stim: | Used for cortical functional mapping and is considered the gold standard procedure to identify eloquent cortex that maximizes the patient's functional outcome |
| What is MRI tractography? | a 3D modeling technique used to visually represent neural tracts using data collected by diffusions imaging. It shows structural abnormalities of white matter pathways |
| What is a functional MRI? | Measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. |
| What is the Wada test? | Known as the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure. Looks at language and memory on 1 side of the brain at a time. |
| Name 2 noninvasive motor function mapping procedures | fMRI and Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
| What is positron emission tomography? | Test that uses radioactive tracers to look for sz focus by revealing areas of the brain interictally. (Hypometabolism) |
| Laplacian montage: | Similar to common average but refers to the average of directly surrounding electrodes |
| What is single photon emission computed tomography? | (SPECT) Measures blood flow to the brain using a radio labeled tracer. Injection needs to be made directly after sz. Key word: hyperprofusion |
| The #1 underlying cause of triphasic waves is: | Hepatic failure |
| BiPDs: | Bilateral independent periodic discharges |
| BiPD definition: | Asynchronous LPDs with 2 or more foci (at least 1 in each hemisphere) of differing frequencies, voltage and fields. Background is often attenuated |
| What are some causes of BiPDs? | Infection, anoxia, epilepsy or vascular etiology |
| BETS: | Benign epileptiform transients of sleep. AKA small sharp spikes or benign sporadic sleep spikes |
| SREDA: | Subclinical rhythmic electro graphic disharges of adults |
| Describe SREDA: | Has not been associated to any specific diagnosis. Mainly occurs in elderly during wakefulness or post HV> Occasionally during sleep |
| GPDs: | Repeating discharges with relatively uniform morphology and occurring at nearly regular intervals. A pattern must continue for at least 6 cycles to qualify as periodic |
| Jeavons: | Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonus. EEG shows paroxysmal discharges immediately after eye closure |
| LRDA+FS describes: | Lateralized rhythmic delta activity with superimposed fast activity and associated with sharps or spikes |
| An abnormal pattern that characterized by very high voltage, multi focal spikes and sharp waves and a chaotic background. It is associated with epileptic spasms and west syndrome | Hypsarrhythmia |
| Delta brush: | Delta wave with superimposed fast activity. Prominent at 24-36 weeks PMA |
| Trace alternat: | Once the amplitude reaches 25uV this is called trace alternate. Occurs between 34-36 weeks PMA |
| A common viscerosensory aura associated with temporal lobe epilepsy: | Rising epigastric sensation |
| Common cognitive phenomena associated with temporal lobe epilepsy: | Fear, Deja vu, Jamais vu, visceral and auditory illusions, copies auditory or visual hallucinations |
| An abrupt explosive sz onset is likely attributable to which lobe? | Frontal |
| Daily eyelid myoclonus induced by eye closure with or without absences and photosensitivity are characteristics of what epilepsy syndrome? | Jeavons |
| Manual automatism of the searching and exploring type such as picking, grasping, dressing or undressing are common types of what focal epilepsy? | Temporal lobe epilepsy |
| localization of frequent, prominent, early bilateral complex posturing: | Frontal |
| Postictal dysphasia in temporal lobe epilepsy lateralizes to which hemisphere? | The dominant hemisphere |
| Post ictal amnesia is a sign of: | Bilateral hippocampal impairment |
| Dacrystic (crying) sz location? | Temporal, hypothalamic |
| Ictal/postictal speech impairments can be lateralized to: | Language dominant hemisphere |
| Post ictal nose wipe can be lateralized and localized to: | Tends to lateralize to the ipsilateral hemisphere in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy |
| Where do complex visual hallucinations localize to? | Visual association cortex |
| Cognitive features such as deja vu and jambs vu and emotional features such as panic and fear are common in what type of focal sz? | Mesial temporal lobe sz |
| Where does the figure 4 or fencing posture lateralize to? | The hemisphere contralateral to the extended arm |
| Where in the brain do somatosensory auras originate? | Primary somatosensory area (unilateral) or supplementary sensimotor area (bilateral) |
| What are the 3 features that are indicative of lateral temporal lobe onset rather than medial temporal lobe onset? | Vertigo, clonic movements, simple auditory features such as buzzing or ringing |
| Animated and sometimes violent organized complex motor behaviors such as thrashing or kicking localize to the: | Orbital frontal cortex |
| Ictal spitting, vomiting and coughing lateralize to which hemisphere? | Non dominant hemisphere- usually right |
| Unilateral dystonic limb posturing in temporal lobe sz lateralizes to which hemisphere? | Contralateral hemisphere |
| Where in the brain do the simple auditory hallucinations such as ringing or buzzing originate? | Heschel's gyrus. If more complex noise- temporal auditory association cortex |
| Olfactory symptoms such as an unpleasant burning smell originate in what area of the brain? | Medial temporal |
| Where in the brain do gustatory sensations such as a bitter or bad taste originate? | Insula |
| Localization for myoclonic sz? | Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex |
| Localization for tonic clonic sz? | Primary motor cortex, pre motor cortex, supplementary cortex |
| Localization for clonic sz? | Primary motor cortex, pre motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex |
| Localization for unilateral tonic clonic sz? | Contralateral pre motor and primary motor cortices |
| Version is seen when a sz spreads to what area of the brain? | Frontal eye fields |
| What is the duration of an epileptic spasm? | 1-2 seconds. Longer than myoclonic sz but shorter than tonic sz which last over 2 seconds |
| What is the most common manifestation of supplementary sensorimotor area sz? | Bilateral, asymmetric tonic posturing with preserved awareness, especially "fencers posture" also known as M2e sz |
| Unilateral ictal eye blinking lateralizes to which hemisphere? | The ipsilateral hemisphere |
| A focal impaired awareness sz with mirthless laughter (galactic) or crying (dacrystic) is highly suggestive of: | Hypothalamic harmatoma |
| What is piloerection and where does it localize to? | Goosebumps- strongly associated with temporal lobe epilepsies including insula and amygdala |
| Automatisms that typically involve the hands and mouth such as smacking, chewing and picking motions tend to originate from which lobe of the brain? | Mesial temporal |
| What features suggest onset in the frontoparietal operculum? | Chewing, swallowing, salivation |
Created by:
hannahhenderson