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GOV Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Purpose of the government | Keep order Provide Security Provide Services Guide the Community |
| How to Amend the Constitution | Step 1 (a): 2/3s of both houses of Congress vote to propose an amendment Step 1 (b): Constitutional convention called by 2/3s of states propose an amendment Step 2: 3/4s of state constitutional convents ratify or 3/4s of the 50 state legislatures |
| Inalienable rights | Rights that every person is born with and cannot be taken away |
| Popular sovereignty | The idea that government's authority comes from the consent of the governed |
| Republicanism | A system in which citizens elect representatives to make laws and govern on their behalf |
| Democracy | A form of government in which political power is held by the people |
| Natural rights | Rights inherent to all humans as described by John Locke; protected by legitimate governments |
| Social Contract | The agreement in which people give up some freedoms to the government in exchange for the protection of their natural rights |
| Participatory democracy | Emphasizes broad participation of citizens in politics and civil society |
| Pluralist democracy | Power is distributed among many competing interest groups that influence policy making |
| Elitist democracy | Political power is concentrated in the hands of an elite group |
| Constitution | The supreme law that establishes the framework of government, defines powers, and protects citizens’ rights |
| Republic | A representative democracy where citizens elect officials accountable to the people |
| Unicameral legislature | A one-house lawmaking body (used under the Articles of Confederation) |
| Shay's rebellion | A 1786 uprising of farmers in Massachusetts protesting taxes; revealed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and spurred calls for a stronger national government |
| Writ of Habeas Corpus | Legal order requiring that someone charged with a crime be brought before a judge to determine if their detention is lawful |
| Bills of Attainder | Laws that punish a person or group without a trial (forbidden by the Constitution) |
| Ex post facto laws | Laws that make an act illegal after it was committed; prohibited by the Constitution |
| Separation of powers | Division of government responsibilities among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent concentration of power |
| Checks and balances | ach branch of government has powers to limit or check the others (e.g., veto, judicial review) |
| Federalism | System dividing power between national and state governments |
| Enumerated (expressed) powers | Powers explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution (e.g., coin money, declare war) |
| Necessary and proper clause (elastic clause, Article 1, Section 8) | Grants Congress authority to make all laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers |
| Implied powers | Powers not expressly stated but derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause (e.g., creating a national bank) |
| Supremacy clause (Article VI) | Declares the Constitution and federal laws superior to state laws when conflicts arise |
| Federalists | Supported ratifying the Constitution; favored a strong central government to maintain order and unity |
| Anti - Federalists | Opposed ratification; feared central tyranny and demanded a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties |
| Article I | Establishes the Legislative Branch (Congress), which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate. Lists Congress’s enumerated powers and the Necessary and Proper Clause giving it implied powers. |
| Article II | Establishes the Executive Branch, headed by the President. Defines presidential powers, duties, elections, and procedures for impeachment and succession. |
| Article III | Establishes the Judicial Branch, including the Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Defines jurisdiction and the crime of treason. |
| Article IV | Defines relationships among the states and with the federal government. Includes the Full Faith and Credit Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause. Explains how new states are admitted. |
| Article V | Outlines the amendment process: proposed by 2/3 of Congress or state conventions and ratified by 3/4 of states. Allows the Constitution to adapt over time. |
| Article VI | Contains the Supremacy Clause, making the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties the supreme law of the land. Requires an oath of office and honors prior debts. |
| Article VII | Explains the ratification process of the Constitution, requiring approval by nine of the thirteen states. |
| Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the United States (1781–1789) that created a weak central government with most power held by the states. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual liberties and limit government power. |
| Federalist 10 | An essay by James Madison arguing that a large republic can best control factions and protect minority rights. |
| Federalist 51 | An essay by James Madison explaining how the structure of government with checks and balances prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful. |
| Brutus 1 | An Anti-Federalist essay expressing concern that the Constitution gives too much power to the federal government and threatens state authority and individual liberties |
| Categorical grants | Federal funds given to state and local governments for a specific, narrow purpose |
| Block grant | Funds given to state and local governments for broad policy areas. |
Created by:
katdolan