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Sociology Exam 2

QuestionAnswer
Ethnocentrism Judging another culture by one’s own standards.
Cultural Relativism Understanding a culture on its own terms.
Cultural Imperialism Imposing one culture’s values on another.
Xenocentrism Preference for another culture over one’s own.
Culture Shock Disorientation from experiencing a new culture.
Formal Norms Written rules or laws.
Informal Norms Unwritten expectations or customs.
Collective Conscience Shared moral beliefs that bind society.
Collective Conscience Shared moral beliefs that bind society.
Punitive Justice Focus on punishment for deviance.
Rehabilitative Justice Focus on reform and reintegration.
Subculture Smaller group with distinct values.
Counterculture Group opposing dominant norms.
Cultural Lag Nonmaterial culture lags behind material changes.
Material Culture Physical objects of a culture.
Nonmaterial Culture Beliefs, values, norms.
Wealth vs. Income Wealth = assets; Income = earnings.
Upward Mobility Moving to a higher social class.
Downward Mobility Moving to a lower social class.
Intergenerational Mobility Mobility across generations.
Intragenerational Mobility Mobility within a lifetime.
Open System Allows movement between classes.
Closed System Little or no class movement.
Deindustrialization Decline in manufacturing jobs.
Globalization Increasing world economic interconnection.
Outsourcing Relocating jobs overseas for lower costs.
Service Economy Economy focused on services.
Durkheim’s Suicide Types Egoistic, Altruistic, Anomic, Fatalistic.
Merton’s Strain Theory Adaptations to goals and means (Conformist, Innovator, Ritualist, Retreatist, Rebel).
Labeling Theory Deviance results from labels society assigns.
Stigma Social disapproval attached to deviance.
Panopticon Model of constant surveillance and control.
UCR Police-reported national crime data.
NIBRS Detailed incident-based crime report system.
NCVS Victim-reported national crime survey.
Social Construction of Race Race created by social, not biological, processes.
Scientific Racism Pseudoscience used to justify racism.
Intergroup Relations Patterns of interaction between racial/ethnic groups.
Emotional Labor Managing feelings as part of paid work.
Family Wage Male breadwinner wage model.
Gender Pay Gap Persistent earnings gap between men and women.
Passion Principle (Cech) Cultural belief in pursuing work you love, even at personal cost.
Cultural Fit (Rivera) Hiring based on similarity rather than skill.
OPM U.S. official measure of poverty (food-based).
Critiques of OPM Outdated and ignores cost-of-living differences.
SPM Improved poverty measure with broader factors.
Absolute Poverty Lack of basic needs.
Relative Poverty Poor compared to others in society.
Calarco – Inequality Class-based parenting creates unequal outcomes.
Created by: user-1981429
 

 



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