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LAP Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Latin America | republics of Western Hemisphere that were previously colonies of 'Latin Europe' (Sp, Portugal, France), does not include former Brit colonies; 3 island countries, 10 South Am, 5 Central Am, Panama, Mexico (20 total) |
| Caribbean | geographic and political term; geo: all political entities w/i Caribbean Basin; pol: 3 Latin Am countries, 10 independent island formerly Brit, 17 other pol entities not independent, also Beliza, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guyana |
| Central America | five countries once a single political entity (United Provinces of Central Am 1821-38), Panama was part of Columbia therefore not Central Am, independent as result of US intervention to build Panama Canal |
| Southern Cone | countries of southern tip of South Am; Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, occasionally Paraguay and Brazil; pol significant via MERCOSUR free trade area (no Chile) |
| criollo(s) | descendants of white colonists, often well-educated and wealthy, generally unable to enjoy privileges granted to peninsulares, namely obtaining high posts of colonial administration (pop was larger than pen by 17th cent) |
| peninsular(es) | European peninsula whites, straight from continent (Sp, Port, Fr) to live in Latin Am, dominant social class, hold virtually all high posts in colonial admin, church, and military, does not include those of Euro descent who were born in Americas |
| mestizo | mixed European and Amerindian descent, result of sometimes consensual but often not relations (wedding night 'rights') |
| mulatto | mixed European and African descent, result of consensual but often not relations (wedding night 'rights) |
| encomienda | 'deserving peninsulares' entrusted w physical and spiritual wellbeing of indigenous ppl including conversion to Christianity; in exchange Amerindians required to pay tribute via direct labor, cash, or items of value |
| mita | Peruvian term for system of forced indigenous labor in mines, al able-bodied men required to work four to six month period once every seven years (silver mines in Mexico, now north Bolivia, then Peru) |
| quinto real | fifth of profit required to be sent to Spanish royalty |
| latifundio | large scale land holding owned by wealthy elites of Euro descent, geographically along river for agricultural and merchant benefits, intro of commercial agriculture to colonies, production of agro for sale abroad |
| minifundio | system of extremely small farms worked by single family, <10 hectacres (2.5 acres), further from river owned by wealthy, intro of commercial agriculture to colonies, production of agro for sale abroad |
| Council of the Indies | Spanish ruling body, reps chosen by king; supreme legislative, executive, and judicial authority appointed all important officials (civil, military, church), approve all legislation in colonies |
| viceroy | essentially a vice pres, seen as rep of king in the colonies, highest Spanish official within viceroyalty, possessed supreme civil and military authority (not church), in theory limited by power of Span royalty but 'i obey but do not comply' motto |
| audiencia | appointed to each viceroy, members selected by council of indies, highest judicial court within viceroyalty, viceroy not required to follow advice but gen needed to be attentive to them, second check on virrey as they could report back to council |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823: unilateral policy via James Monroe, US opposition to foreign (Euro) intervention in W Hem, response to announced aim to help Spain regain Latin Am colonies, US would consider attempt 'as dangerous to our peace and safety' |
| Roosevelt Corollary | 1904: new interpretation and application of Monroe Doctrine that became justification for repeated US interventions in Carib and Cent Am, turned reactive MD into proactive action, claimed intervention necessary in cases of 'flagrant wrongdoing' |
| Good Neighbor Policy | 1930s: US policy aimed at reestablishing good relations w Latin Am countries, recognition that 'no state has right to interfere in internal of external affairs of other states'; repurcussions: Platt Am nulified, US widrawal from Nicaragua + Haiti |
| Bay of Pigs Invasion | 1961: attempted force of 1500 Cuban exiles seeking overthrow of Fidel Castro regime recruited and trained by CIA, attack orchestrated w goal of sparking general revolt, when force failed several CIA attempts to assasinate Castro, big embarassment for JFK |
| military coup in Chile (1973) | Nixon admin, Salvador Allende first freely and fairly elected socialist pres overthrown in military coup by Gen Augusto Pinochet, US econ pressure on Chile and support of coup, notified in advance but not alert gov, Pinochet military regime 17 years |
| Contra War (Nicaragua) | 1981-90: Reagan secretly authorized CIA to spend millions training Nicaraguan exiles to fight leftists Sandista gov ('counter-revolutionaries'), failed to spark massive uprising but huge havoc, destruction and 40,000 deaths, ended by Sandistas voted out |
| New Panama Canal Treaties | 1977: riots broke out in 60s Panama resent of US presence, Carter two treaties: first gave back Canal Zone + maintained US possession of Canal until 2000, second Canal permanently neutral + US right to defend canal from threat, P liked 1st US gov only 2nd |
| repudiation | unilateral decision to refuse to pay loan and cease to recognize creditor's claims, no one does this bc unlikely to receive foreign country loans in future if repudiate |
| default | unilateral decision to not make payments specified in loan contract while still recognizing creditor's claims |
| structural adjustment program | condition from IMF to receive loans: includes currency devaluation (repeg to foreign cur), fiscal austerity (balancing budget via cuts and more sales taxes), privatized state-owned companies, and market liberalization |
| economic liberalism | 80s and 90s resurgence, focus on individualism, private property, and free markets; push to Latin Am by US, IMF, and World Bank 'Wash Consensus'; shrink state but establish rules of priv enterprise, fiscal austerity, priv state enterprises, liberal trade |
| Latin American Conundrum | relative political and economic shortcomings of Latin Am falling behind other developed countries; econ: high levels of poverty and inequality; pol: high levels of instability and low levels of consolidated democracy |
| dependency theory | Latim Am exports of raw materials and basic foods vs imports of manufactured goods and tech make them dependent on other countries, radical explanation viewing poverty inequality and pol crises as result of structural position in global capitalist system |
| cultural explanations | more conservative explanation that Latin Am doomed by culture of Iberian Catholic tradition of social org that was anti-capitalist and harmful to democracy, tradition of hierarchical society created resistance to change, adherence to fam > comm |
| geography explanations | developmental handicap of landlocked countries whose inaccess to waterways make trade more expensive (note only 2 fully landlocked), tropics favor crops that stimulate large plantations and exploitation of labor vs temperate climates favor fam farm + egal |
| institutional weaknesses | emphasis on institutions, particularly rule of law that decisions of state should be predictable, fair, applicable to all; need for consistent reg, well-enforced property rights and contracts, sound banking system, corruption free legal and reg systems |
Created by:
lyricagee