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Have a heart
VMT Chapter 8
| What does the Cardiovascular system do? | Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to various body tissues and transports waste products to the appropriate waste removal system. |
| Cardiovascular system is also called the _____ ______ | Circulatory System |
| Cardiovascular | Pertaining to the heart and vessels |
| What are the three major parts of the Cardiovascular System? | Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels |
| Heart | Hollow muscular organ that provides the power to move blood through the body |
| cardi/o | Heart |
| The heart is located in the _____ cavity or _____ cavity and lies between the lungs in a cavity called the ___________ . | Thoracic, Chest, Mediastinum |
| Mediastinum | Contains large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, and other strucutures |
| Pericardium | Surrounds the heart as a double-walled membrane |
| What are the two layers of the pericardium | Fibrous and Serous |
| Fibrous Pericardium | Tough external layer |
| Serous Pericardium | Inner layer and is divided into the parietal and visceral layer |
| Perietal layer | Serous layer that lines the fibrous pericardium |
| Visceral layer | Serous layer that lines the heart, also called the epicardium |
| Pericardial space | Space between the parietal and serous layer of the pericardium |
| Pericardial fluid | Liquid in the pericardial space that prevents friction between the heart and the pericardium when the heart beats. |
| What three layers are the heart made up of? | Epicardium, Myocardium, and the Endocardium |
| Epicardium | External layer of the heart, also known as the visceral layer of pericardium |
| Myocardium | Middle and thickest layer of the heart, the actual heart muscle |
| Endocardium | Inner layer of the heart, lines the heart chambers and valves |
| Coronary arteries | Arteries that serve the heart |
| Coronary veins | Remove waste products from the myocardium |
| coron/o | Crown |
| Coronary occlusion | Disruption of blood to the myocardium |
| Occlusion | Blockage |
| What will a coronary occlusion lead to? | Ischemia |
| Ischemia | Deficiency in the blood supply to an area that can lead to necrosis |
| Infarct or Infarction | Localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply |
| Mammalian and Avian hearts have ____ chambers, while Reptile hearts have ____ chambers. | Four, Three |
| Atria / Atrium | Craniodorsal chambers of the heart, all vessels coming into the heart enter through here. |
| Atri/o | Atria |
| Interatrial septum | The area where the left and right atria are seperated |
| Ventricles | Caudoventral chambers of the heart, Pumping chamber of the heart, all vessels leave the heart here |
| Ventricul/o | Ventricle |
| Interventricular septum | Ventricles are separated from each other In reptiles it is not complete so the ventricles are open to each other and count as only one heart chamber |
| Apex | Narrow tip of the heart, also called the cardiac apex |
| Valve | Blood flow through the heart is controlled by this, it is a membranous fold and the heart contains four of these. |
| Valv/o, valvul/o | Valve |
| Right atrioventricular valve | Right AV valve, Controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle, also called the tricuspid valve. |
| Pulmonary semilunar valve | Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and controls blood entering the lungs, shaped like a half-moon |
| Left atrioventricular valve | Left AV valve, Controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle, also called the mitral valve or bicuspid |
| Aortic semilunar valve | Located between the left ventricle and the aorta and controls blood entering the arterial system, half-moon shaped. |
| Rhythm | Recurrence of an action or a function at regular intervals |
| Cardiac output | Volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time |
| Stroke volume | Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat |
| Right atrium | Receives blood from all tissues except the lungs through the cranial and caudal venae cavae. |
| Blood flows from the _____ _____ through the _____ _____ into the _____ ____. | Right atrium, Tricuspid valve, Right ventricle |
| Right ventricle | Pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery which then carries it to the lungs |
| Left atrium | Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. |
| Blood flows through the ____ ____ into the ____ _____. | Mitral valve, Left ventricle, |
| Left ventricle | Receives blood from the left atrium, blood goes out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and is pumped to all parts of the body except the lungs |
| Blood is returned by the ____ ___ to the ___ ___ and the cycle continues. | Venae Cavae, Right Atrium |
| What circulation are the right atrium and the left ventricle? | Systemic Circulations |
| What circulation are the right ventricle and the left atrium? | Pulmonary Circulations |
| Sinoatrial Node | SA node, Located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. |
| Purkinje fibers | Less developed in the atria and are usually associated with the ventricles |
| What starts electrical impulse waves of muscle contractions in the heart? | SA nodes |
| The impulse of the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria causing them to _____ ____ | Contract simultaneously |
| Atrial systole | Atrial contraction |
| Inotropy | Force of contraction |
| Electrical impulses from the SA node continue to travel to the ____ ____ also known as the ____ ______. | Atrioventricular node, AV node |
| Which node conducts impulses more slowly? | AV node |
| What does the slower conduction of the AV node cause? | They cause a pause after the atrial contraction to allow the ventricles to fill with blood. |
| Bundle of His | Located in the interventricular septum that continues on through the ventricle as ventricular Purkinje fibers |
| Ventricular systole | Ventricular contractions that force blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries |
| Sinus rhythm | Normal heart rhythm, starts in the sinoatrial node |
| Arrhythmia or Dysrhythmia | When the SA node does not function properly causing other areas of the conduction system to take over and initiate a heartbeat |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | Substances that control heartbeat irregularities |
| Systole | Contraction |
| Diastole | Expansion |
| Palpitation | heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity |
| Fibrillation | Rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions |
| Flutter | Cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular |
| Bradycardia | Abnormally slow heartbeat |
| Tachycardia | Abnormally rapid heartbeat |
| Paroxysm | Sudden convulsions or spasm |
| Normal sinus arrhythmia | Irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration |
| Asystole | Without contraction or lack of heart activity, flat line on an ECG |
| Syncope | Temporary suspension of respiration and circulation |
| Gallop | Low-frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole |
| Ausculation | Act of listening to body sounds and usually involves the use of a stethoscope |
| Stetho- | Chest |
| What sound do you heart when auscultating the heart? | lud-dub |
| lub | First sound heart, caused by closure of the AV valves |
| dub | Second sound heart, caused by closure of the semilunar valves |
| What occurs between the first and second heart sounds? | Systole or ventricular contractions |
| What occurs between the second and first heart sounds? | Diastole or ventricular relaxation |
| Heart murmur | Abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood, may be caused by a leak in a valve or narrowing of a valve causing turbulent blood flow |
| Holosystolic or Pansytolic | Occur during the entire ventricular contraction phase |
| holo-, pan- | All |
| Murmurs heard during _____ may be atrioventricular insufficiency or aortic or pulmonic valve stenosis. | Systole |
| Murmurs heard during ______ may be atrioventricular stenosis or aortic or pulmonic valve insufficiency | Diastole |
| Crescendo Murmurs | Abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase in loudness |
| Decrescendo Murmurs | Progressively decrease in loudness |
| Maximal intensity | Where the murmur is heard the loudest |
| PMI | Located at the auscultation site of the defective valve |
| Thrill | Vibrations felt on palpation of the chest |
| Clicks | May be a sign of mitral insufficiency or of unknown origin |
| Split heart sounds | Heartbeat sounds that are divided |
| Crackle heart sounds | Associated with movement or respiratory sounds |
| Rumble heart sounds | Usually caused by shivering |
| What are the three major blood vessels? | Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries |
| angi/o, vas/o | Vessel |
| Lumen | Opening in a vessel through which fluid flows |
| Constriction | Narrowing of the vessel diameter |
| Dilation | Widening of the vessel diameter |
| Vasoconstrictors | Things that narrow a vessels diameter |
| Vasodilators | Things that widen a vessels diameter |
| Hilus | Depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ |
| Where does the pumping action of the heart drive blood into? | Arteries |
| Artery | Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated and is bright red |
| arteri/o | Artery |
| Aorta | Main trunk of the arterial system that begins from the left ventricle of the heart. |
| aort/o | Aorta |
| After leaving the _____ ventricle, the aorta arches _____ and then progresses ______. | Left, Dorsally, Caudally |
| Where is the aorta located | Ventral to the vertebrae |
| The aorta branches into other arteries that supply what? | muscles and organs of the body |
| Celiac artery | Supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen |
| celi/o | Belly |
| Renal arteries | Supply the kidneys |
| Ovarian (testicular) arteries | Supply the ovaries (or testicles) |
| Subclavian artery | Located under the collarbone |
| Arterioles | Smaller and thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to th capillaries |
| arter/i | Vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| -ole | Small |
| Capillaries | Single-cell thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems |
| Blood flows rapidly through the _____ and ____ and flows slower through _____ due to their smaller diameter. | Arteries, Veins, Capillaries |
| What does the slower flow of blood allow time for? | Diffusion of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products |
| Blood in the alveolar capillaries picks up ____ and gives off ____ _____ | Oxygen, Carbon dioxide |
| Oxygen ___ ____ from the capillaries into tissue and _____ _____ ____ from tissues into the capillaries. | Passes through, carbon dioxide diffuses |
| Perfusion | Blood flow through tissues, indication of this is CRT |
| Venules | Tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins |
| Veins | Low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart |
| What has thinner walls and is less elastic than arteries which have muscular walls to allow contraction and expansion to move blood throughout the body? | Veins |
| Do veins have muscular walls? | No |
| Contractions of the ______ ______ cause the blood to flow through the _____ toward the heart. | Skeletal muscles, Veins |
| T or F, Veins have valves that permit blood flow toward the heart and prevent blood from flowing away from the heart | True |
| Jugular vein | Drains the head and neck area |
| Femoral veins | Drain the legs |
| Renal veins | Drain the kidneys |
| Azygous vein | Single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures |
| zygon | Yoke or pair |
| Blood pressure | Tension exerted by blood on the arterial wall and is determined by the energy produced by the heart, elasticity of the arterial walls, and volume of the blood |
| Viscosity | Resistance to flow |
| Sphygmomanometer | Measures the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels |
| Sphygm/o | Pulse |
| man/o, tensi/o | Pressure |
| -meter | Device |
| Systolic pressure | Occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest toward the end of the stroke output of the left ventricle |
| Diastolic pressure | Occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest rate in ventricular dilation |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure |
| Antihypertensives | Drugs used to lower blood pressure |
| Angiocardiography | Radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material |
| Angiocardiogram | Resulting film from an angiocardiograph |
| Angiography | Radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material |
| Angiogram | Film produced from an angiograph |
| Cardiac catheterization | Radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow |
| Echocardiography | Process of evaluating the heart structures using sound waves |
| ech/o | Sound |
| Doppler echocardiography | Uses differences in frequency between sound waves and their echoes to measure the velocity of a moving object |
| Electrocardiography | Process of recording the electrical activity of the heart |
| Electrocardiogram | Record of the electrical activity of the heart and is abbreviated ECG or EKG |
| Electrocardiograph | Machine that records the electrical activity of the heart |
| Holter Monitor | 24-hour ECG that records the heart rates and rhythms onto a specialized tape recorder |
| Radiography | Procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to X-rays |
| Radiograph | Resulting film from a Radiography |
| Tourniquet | Constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood |
| Aneurysm | Localized balloon like enlargement of an artery |
| Angiopathy | Disease of vessels |
| Aortic insufficiency | Inability of the aortic valve to perform at the proper levels, which results in blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta |
| Atherosclerosis | Hardening and narrowing of the arteries that may be caused by plaque |
| Plaque | Patch or raised area |
| Ather/o | Plaque or fatty substance |
| Atrial septal defect | Opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that may allow blood to move from the high-pressure right atrium to the low pressure left atrium |
| Cardiac Tamponade | Compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac |
| Cardiomegaly | Heart enlargement, may be classified as hypertrophic |
| Hypertrophic | Excessive growth of the left ventricle |
| Carditis | Inflammation of the heart |
| Congestive heart failure | Syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs, abbreviated CHF |
| Congestion | Accumulation of fluid |
| Edema | Accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces |
| Ascites | Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity seen in dogs secondary to CHF and other diseases |
| Pleural effusion | Abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membrane encasing the lungs and is seen in cats secondary to CHF |
| Diuretics | Substances that increase urine excretion |
| Cor pulmonale | Alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension, also called pulmonary heart disease |
| cor | Heart |
| pulmon/o | Lungs |
| Dirofilariosis | Heartworm infection formerly called dirofilariasis |
| Which animals is heartworm disease found in? | Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets |
| Heartworms | Worms that mature and breed in the larger blood vessels, mature heartworms produce microfilariae and obstruct blood flow through the heart and blood vessels |
| Microfilariae | Tiny larvae that turn into heartworms |
| What can a dead heartworm cause? | Pulmonary embolism |
| Caval syndrome | Obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestation |
| How can heartworm disease be prevented? | Prophylactic medication, Adulticide and Microfilaricide |
| Prophylaxis | Prevention |
| Adulticide | Substance that kills mature or adult heartworms |
| Microfilaricide | Substance that kills larvae or juvenile heartworms |
| Embolus | Foreign object that is circulating in blood |
| Embolism | Blockage of a vessel by a foreign object |
| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes heart valves |
| Heart block | Interference with the electrical conduction of the heart |
| Hemangioma | Benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels |
| Hematoma | Collection of blood |
| Hypercapnia | Above-normal levels of carbon dioxide that results in reduced levels of oxygen causing a bluish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes |
| Cyanosis | Bluish tinge |
| Cyan/o | Blue |
| Hypocapnia | Below-normal levels of carbon dioxide |
| Hypoxia | Below-normal levels of oxygen |
| Mitral stenosis | Narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve, MS |
| Mitral valve insufficiency | Inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at the proper level and may be caused by fibrosis, endocarditis, or other conditions in the mitral valve area |
| Mitral valve prolapse | Abnormal protrusion of the left atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve |
| Myocarditis | Inflammation of the myocardium |
| Occlusion | Blockage in a vessel or passageway |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | Persistence of the fetal communication between the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth, PDA |
| What does a PDA cause? | Overloading of the left ventricle that may lead to left ventricular failure |
| What are the signs of PDA? | Continuous heart murmur and enlarged heart |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium |
| Pulmonic Stenosis | Narrowing opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle |
| Regurgitation | Backflow, used to describe backflow of blood caused by imperfect closure of heart valves |
| Shock | Inadequate tissue perfusion |
| Resuscitation | Measures include fluid administration, cardiac massage, and artificial respiration |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | CPR, Addresses only the cardiac and respiratory systems |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that has four anatomical defects in the heart: Pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Thromboembolism | Blocking of blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at site of formation |
| Thrombus | Blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery |
| Thrombosis | Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel |
| Anticoagulants | Substances that prevent blood clotting |
| Vasculitis | Inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel |
| Ventricular septal defect | Opening in the wall dividing the right and left ventricles that may allow blood to shunt from the right ventricle to the left ventricle without becoming oxygenated |
| Shunt | Bypass or divert |
| Angiplasty | Surgical repair of blood or lymph vessels, may be transluminal |
| Transluminal | Procedure done through the opening of a vessel or percutaneous |
| Percutaneous | Procedure done through the skin |
| Angiorrhaphy | Suture of a vessel |
| Arteriectomy | Surgical removal of a part of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Congenital | Present at birth |
| Hereditary | Genetically transmitted from parent to offspring |
| Anomaly | Deviation from normal |
| Idiopathic | Unknown cause |
| Iatrogenic | Produced by treatment |
| Arteriotomy | Incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Central venous pressure | Tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava, CVP and is monitored by catheterization of the cranial vena cava via the jugular vein |
| Defibrillation | Use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythms |
| hemostasis | Control or stoppage of bleeding |
| Stent | Small expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing, device to hold tissues in place or to provide support for a graft |
| Transfusion | Introduction of whole blood or blood components into the blood stream of the recipient |
| Valvotomy | Surgical Incision into valve or membranous flap |
| AF | Atrial fibrillation |
| ASD | Atrial septal defect |
| AV | Atrioventricular |
| BP | Blood pressure |
| CHF | Congestive heart failure |
| CPR | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| CRT | Capillary refill time |
| CVP | Central venous pressure |
| ECG, EKG | Electrocardiogram or electrocardiograph |
| HR | Heart rate |
| LV | Left ventricle |
| MM | Mucous membranes |
| MS | Mitral stenosis |
| PDA | Patent ductus arteriosis |
| PMI | Point of maximal intensity |
| PVC | Premature ventricular complex |
| RV | Right ventricle |
| SA | Sinoatrial |
| VSD | Ventricular septal defect |
| VT | Ventricular tachycardia |
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