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UNIT 3, CHPT 9
CHAPTER 9.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the cell cycle control system? | cyclically (regular pattern) operating molecules in the cell that both trigger and coordinate key events in the cell cycle |
| what are cell cycle checkpoints? | control points in the cell cycle where stop+go ahead signals regulate the cycle |
| where do signals for checkpoints come from? | from cellular surveillance mechanisms inside the cell and signals registered from outside the cell |
| what happens at the G1 checkpoint? | if a cell receives the go head from the G1 checkpoint, it continues the cycle. if it doesn't, it will exit the cycle and enter a nondividing state called the G0 phase |
| why is the G1 checkpoint considered the most important? | because if a cell receives the go ahead from G1, it is likely to complete the cell cycle and divide |
| what is the G0 phase? | a non dividing state. is sometimes reversible |
| what are growth factors? | proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide |
| what is density dependent inhibition? | a phenomenon where cells stop dividing once they come into contact with another cell |
| what is anchorage dependence? | the requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum (object) in order to divide |
| what are cancer cell characteristics? | -they exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -they do not need a growth factor to divide -if and when they stop dividing, they do so at random points and do not follow a cell cycle's normal checkpoints |
| what is transformation? | a process where a cell acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells |
| what causes normal cells to turn cancerous? | transformation |
| what is a tumor? | a mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue |
| what is a benign tumor? | a tumor that remains at the site of it's origin and does not spread. most do not cause serious issues and may be surgically removed |
| what is a malignant tumor? | a tumor that is capable of invading and survive in new sites. can impair the functions of one or more organs |
| what is metastasis? | the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from/other than the original site |
| why does chemotherapy cause it's side effects? | it interferes with the cell cycle by damaging DNA. most cancer cells have lost the ability to repair DNA. normal cells repair DNA better and divide gradually to replace killed cells, but are crippled for a period of time because of this |
| what is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? | benign tumors' growth is limited to their origin of site, while malignant tumors are invasive and will spread to other parts of the body. benign tumors are generally only harmful if they grow too large; malignant tumors spread and destroy other tissues |
Created by:
SuperBugLover