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Meat and Bones
VMT Chapter 3
| Musculoskeletal System | Two systems that work together to support the body and allow movement of the animal. (Skeletal and Muscular System) |
| What is found within bone? | red bone marrow |
| What functions do red bone marrow form? | Red blood cells, white blood cells, and clotting cells |
| What protects the ends of bones? | Cartilage |
| T or F Tendons connect muscle to bone allowing animals to move while ligaments connect bone to bone which supports joints. | True |
| What does the skeletal system consist of and what type of tissues are they? | Bones, Cartilage, Joints, Ligaments, and Tendons Connective tissue |
| Bone | Hardest tissue in the body |
| Ossification | Formation of bone from fibrous tissue, continues until maturity, varies with species |
| How is bone growth balanced? | Balanced between the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| oste/o | Bone |
| -blast | Immature |
| -clast | Break |
| Osteoblasts | Immature bone cells that produce bony tissue |
| Osteoclasts | Phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone |
| When osteoblasts mature they become ______. | Osteocytes |
| Red bone marrow is located in _________ bone and is __________. | Cancellous, hematopoietic |
| -poietic | Pertaining to formation |
| Medullary cavity | inner space of bones that contains yellow bone marrow and is composed mainly of fat cells serving as a fat storage area |
| In adult animals, _____ bone marrow replaces ____ bone marrow. | Yellow, Red |
| Cartilage | Connective tissue that is more elastic than bone |
| Articular cartilage | covers the joint surfaces of bone |
| Meniscus | Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints that cushion forces applied to the joint. |
| Joints or articulation | Connections between bones |
| Synarthroses | Allow no movement, immovable joints usually united with fibrous connective tissue (Ex: Suture) |
| Amphiarthroses | Allow slight movement, semimovable joints (Ex: Symphysis) |
| Diarthroses | Allow free movement, freely moveable joints (Ex: Synovial joints) |
| Suture | Jagged line where bones join and form a nonmovable joint, typically found in the skull |
| Fontanelle | Soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth |
| Symphysis | Joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone |
| Mandibular symphysis | Halves of the mandible fuse at a symphysis to form one bone |
| Pubic symphysis | Halves of the pelvis also fuses at a symphysis |
| Synovial joints | ball-and-socket joints and allow a wide range of motion in many directions |
| What joints have oval projections that fit into a socket? | Arthrodial or Condyloid joints |
| Trochoid joints | Pulley-shaped joints that form a connection between the atlas and the axis |
| Hinge joints | Allow motion in one plane or direction |
| Gliding joints | Move or glide over each other |
| Saddle joint | Allows primates to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct the thumb |
| Cortical bone | Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone, also called compact bone |
| Cancellous bone | Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones, also called spongy bone |
| Epiphysis | Wide end of a long bone, covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone |
| Physis | Cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone, also called the growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage |
| Metaphysis | Wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis, in adult animals it is considered part of the epiphysis |
| Periosteum | Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone |
| Endosteum | Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity |
| Long bones | Bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity |
| Short bones | Cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity |
| Flat bones | Thin, flat bones |
| Pneumatic bones | Sinus-containing bones |
| Irregular bones | Unpaired bones |
| Sesamoid bones | Small bones embedded in a tendon |
| Bursa | Fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction |
| burs/o | Bursa |
| Synovial _____ secretes ______ _______, which acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth. | Membrane, Synovial fluid |
| Synovi/o | Synovial membrane, Synovial fluid |
| The skeleton is divided into two parts called the ____ skeleton and the ______ skeleton. | Axial, Appendicular |
| Axial Skeleton | Framework of the body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. |
| crani/o | Skull |
| Frontal | Forms the roof of the cranial cavity |
| Parietal | Paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity |
| Occipital | Forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum (opening of the spinal cord) is located |
| Temporal | Paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium |
| Sphenoid | Paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket |
| Ethmoid | Forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity |
| Incisive | Forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares |
| Pterygoid | Forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx |
| Sinuses | air or fluid filled spaces in the skull |
| Brachycephalic | Dogs that have short, wide heads (Ex: Boston Terriers, Pugs, French Bulldogs, Bulldogs, Pekingese) |
| Dolichocephalic | Dogs that have narrow, long heads (Ex: Greyhounds, Collies, German Shepards, Salukis) |
| Mesocephalic | Dogs that have average width to their heads (Ex: Labrador Retrievers, Rottweilers, Dalmatians) |
| Zygomatic | Forms the orbit and cheekbones, forms the zygomatic arch |
| Maxilla | Forms the upper jaw |
| Mandible | Forms the lower jaw |
| Palatine | Forms part of the hard palate |
| Lacrimal | Forms the medial part of the orbit |
| Nasal | Forms the bridge of the nose |
| Vomer | Forms the base of the nasal septum |
| Hyoid | Bone suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx |
| Vertebral column | (Spinal column / backbone) supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord |
| spondyl/o, vertebr/o | Vertebrae |
| Body | Solid portion of the spinal cord |
| Arch | Dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord |
| Lamina | Left or right dorsal half of the arch. |
| Spinous process | Single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch |
| Transverse process | Project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch |
| Articular process | Paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch |
| Foramen | Opening |
| Vertebral foramen | Opening in the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes |
| Intervertebral discs | Vertebrae are separated and cushioned from each other by cartilage discs |
| C1 | Atlas |
| C2 | Axis |
| cost/o | Rib |
| Manubrium | Cranial portion of the sternum |
| Xiphoid | Caudal portion of the sternum |
| What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity? | Ribs, Sternum, and the Thoracic Vertebrae |
| From proximal to distal bones of the front limb | Scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, and phalanges |
| Scapula | Large triangular bone on the side of the thorax |
| Clavicle or collar bone | Slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula |
| Humerus | Long bone of the proximal front limb, sometimes called the brachium |
| Antebrachium | Contains the radius and ulna |
| Ante- | Before |
| Radius | Cranial bone of the front limb |
| Ulna | Caudal bone of the front limb |
| Olecranon | Forms the point of the elbow, proximal projection of the ulna |
| Carpal bones | Irregularly shaped bones in the area known as the wrist in people Small animals: Carpus Large animals: Knee |
| Metacarpals | Bones found distal to the carpus |
| Splint bones | Metacarpal and metatarsals II and IV |
| Cannon bone | Metacarpal and metatarsal III |
| In ruminants, what number metacarpal and metatarsals are the cannon bones? | Metacarpal and metatarsal III and IV |
| Phalanges | Bones of the digit |
| Phalanx | One bone of the digit |
| Digits | Bones analogous to the human finger and vary in number in animals |
| Dewclaw | Digit 1 of dogs |
| Ungulates | Hooved animals |
| What digits are vestigial in cloven or split hooved animals? | Digits II and V |
| What are the vestigial digits of cloven-hooved animals called? | Dewclaws |
| Fetlock joint | Joint between metacarpal and metatarsal III and the proximal phalanx |
| Pastern joint | Joint between P1 and P2 |
| Coffin joint | Joint between P2 and P3 |
| P1 | Long pastern bone |
| P2 | Short pastern bone |
| P3 | Coffin bone |
| Phalanx 3 | Claw |
| onych/o | Claw |
| Dewclaw | Surgical procedure to remove the claws in cats, also called onychectomy |
| Navicular bone | Sesamoid bone located inside the hoof on the palmar or plantar surface of P3 in horses |
| Bones of the rear limb from proximal to distal | Pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges |
| Pelvis or hip consist of three bones called? | Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis |
| Ilium | Largest pair and is blade-shaped |
| Sacroiliac joint | allows the ilium articulates with the sacrum |
| Ischium | Caudal pair of bones in the pevlis |
| Pubis | Ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by the pubic symphysis |
| Acetabulum | Large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the three bones meet and forms the ball-and-socket joint with the femur |
| Femur or thigh bone | Proximal long bone of the rear leg, head of the femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum |
| Femoral head | Head of the femur connected to a narrow area called the femoral neck |
| Trochanters | Large, flat, broad projections on a bone |
| Condyles | Rounded Projections |
| Patella | Large sesamoid bone in the rear limb |
| Stifle joint | Joint that houses the patella |
| Popliteal | Sesamoid bone in the rear limb and is located on the caudal surface of the stifle |
| Tibia | Larger and more weight-bearing bone |
| Fibula | Long, slender bone behind the tibia |
| Crus | Area of the rear limb between the stifle and hock |
| Tarsal bones | Irregularly shaped bones found in the area known as the ankle in people. Small animals: Tarsus Large animals: Hock |
| Calcaneus | Long, lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones |
| Aperture | Opening |
| Canal | Tunnel |
| Crest | High projection or border projection |
| Crista | Ridge |
| Dens | Toothlike structure |
| Eminence | Surface projection |
| Facet | Smooth area |
| Fissure | Deep cleft |
| Foramen | Hole |
| Fossa | Trench or hollow depressed area |
| Fovea | Small pit |
| Head | Major protrusion |
| Lamina | Thin, flat plate |
| Line | Low projection or ridge |
| Malleolus | Rounded projection |
| Meatus | Passage or opening |
| Process | Projection |
| Protuberance | Projection part |
| Ramus | Branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure |
| Sinus | Space or cavity |
| Spine | Sharp projection |
| Sulcus | Groove |
| Suture | Seam |
| Trochlea | Pulley-shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate |
| Tubercule | Small, rounded surface projection |
| Tuberosity | Projecting part |
| Arthrocentesis | Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis |
| Arthrography | Injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic eamination |
| Arthroscopy | Visual examination of the joint using a fiber topic scope |
| Densitometer | Device that measures bone density using light and x-rays |
| Goniometer | Instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint |
| goni/o | Seed or angle |
| Radiology | Study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation that is used to detect fractures and diseases of bones |
| Ankylosis | Loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery |
| ankyl/o | Bent or stiff |
| Arthralgia or Arthrodynia | Joint paint |
| Arthritis | Inflammatory condition of joints |
| Arthropathy | Joint disease |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of the bursa |
| Chondromalacia | Abnormal cartilage softening |
| Chrondropathy | Cartilage disease |
| Discospondylitis | Inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae |
| Epiphysitis | Inflammation of the growth plate |
| Exostosis | Benign growth on the bone surface |
| Gouty Arthritis (gout) | Joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint, most common in birds |
| Hip Dysplasia | Abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly, most common in large breed of dogs |
| Intervertebral disc disease | Rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal cord (herniated disc, ruptured disc, IVDD) |
| Kyphosis | Dorsal curvature of the spine, also called hunchback |
| Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease | Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral had and neck of small breed dogs |
| Lordosis | Position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally, also called swayback (most common in cats) |
| Luxation | Dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| Myeloma | Tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow |
| Ostealgia | Bone pain |
| Osteitis | Inflammation of bone |
| Osteoarthritis | Degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on the joints, also called Degenerative Joint Disease. DJD |
| Osteochondrosis | Degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification |
| Osteochondrosis dissecans | Degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification with dissecting flap of articular cartilage and some inflammatory joint changes |
| Osteomalacia | Abnormal softening of the bone |
| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| Osteonecrosis | Death of bone tissue |
| Osteoporosis | Abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity |
| Osteosclerosis | Abnormal hardening of the bone |
| Periostitis | Inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues and joints, RA |
| Sequestrum | Piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from the adjacent healthy bone |
| Sondylitis | Inflammation of the vertebrae |
| Spondylosis | Any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae |
| Spondylosis deformans | Chronic degeneration of the articular processes and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertabrae |
| Spur | Bony projection growing out of a bone |
| Subluxation | partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint |
| Synovitis | Inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints |
| Avulsion fracture | Broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull |
| Callus | Bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone |
| Closed fracture | Broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin, known as a simple fracture |
| Comminuted fracture | Broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces |
| Compression fracture | Broken bone produced when the bones are pressed together |
| Crepitation | Cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together, also known as crepitus |
| Displaced fracture | Bone fracture parts are out of line |
| Fracture | Broken bone |
| Greenstick fracture | Bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent, also called an incomplete fracture |
| Immobilization | Act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast |
| Manipulation | Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or dislocation, also known as reduction |
| Oblique fracture | Broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis |
| Open fracture | Broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin, also known as a compound fracture |
| Pathologic fracture | Broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease |
| Physeal fracture | Bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate |
| Spiral fracture | Broken bone in which the bone is twisted apart or spiraled apart |
| Stress fracture | Broken bone caused by repetitive, local stress on a bone |
| Transverse fracture | Broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone |
| Amputation | Removal of some or all of a body part |
| Arthrodesis | Fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means |
| -desis | To bind or surgical fixation of a bone or joint |
| Chemonucleolysis | Process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance |
| Craniotomy | Surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| External fixation | Alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, splints, or external fixators |
| Internal Fixation | Alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or plates |
| Laminectomy | Surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebrae |
| Ostectomy | Surgical removal of bone |
| Osteocentesis | Surgical puncture of a bone |
| Osteodesis | Fusion of bones |
| Osteoplexy | Surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall |
| Osteoplasty | Surgical repair of bone |
| Osteostomy | Surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone |
| Osteotomy | Surgical incision or sectioning of bone |
| Trephination | Process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine |
| Adjustment | Application of a controlled, rapid thrust of precise direction and depth delivered to a specific contact point, also called manipulation |
| Fixation | Joint becomes immobilized in a fixed position that may occur at rest or during a normal ovement |
| Malarticulations | Connections between bones do not line up correctly |
| Misalignment | Motion segment in which alignment, movement, or physiological function are altered. Contact between joint surfaces remain intact |
| Subluxation | Misalignment of the spine allegedly interferes with nerve signals from the brain |
| Motion segment | Basic functional unit of the spine, consists of two adjacent articulating surfaces and the connecting tissues binding them to each other |
| Range of motion | Amount of movement that occurs at a particular joint or region of the body, ROM |
| Spinal manipulation | Manipulation of the spine to restore its normal motion and alignment |
| Muscular System | Composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers whose predominant function is contractibility |
| Each muscle consists of a group of muscle fibers encased in a _____ _____ | Fibrous sheath |
| my/o, myos/o | Muscle |
| fibr/o, fibros/o | Fibrous tissue |
| Fascia | Sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles |
| fasci/o, fasc/i | Fascia |
| Linea alba | Fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscle |
| Aponeurosis | Fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle |
| aponeur/o | Aponeurosis |
| Skeletal Muscle | Striated and Voluntary, attach bones to the body and make motion possible |
| Smooth Muscle | Nonstriated and Involuntary, produce slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of internal organs |
| Cardiac Muscle | Striated and Involuntary, Involuntary contraction of heart muscle |
| kinesi/o and -kinesis | Movement |
| Kinesiology | Study of movement |
| Antagonistic | Muscles that work against or opposite each other |
| agon | Struggle |
| Synergists | Muscles that contract at the same time as another muscle to help movement or support movement |
| syn- | Together |
| erg | Work |
| Contraction | Muscles become shorter and thicker |
| Relaxation | Muscle returns to its original shape |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Point at which nerve endings come in contact with the muscle cells |
| Tonus | Muscle tone, balanced muscle tension |
| Muscle origin | Place where a muscle begins, or originates, more fixed attachment or the end of the muscle closest to the midline |
| Muscle Insertion | Place where a muscle ends, or inserts, more moveable end or potion of the muscle farthest from the midline |
| Levator | Muscle that raises or elevates a part |
| Depressor | Muscle that lowers or depresses a part |
| Supinator | Muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward |
| Pronator | Muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward |
| Pectoral Muscles | Located in the chest |
| Epaxial Muscles | Location above the pelvic axis |
| Intercostal Muscles | Located between the ribs |
| Infraspinatus Muscles | Located beneath the spine of the scapula |
| Supraspinatus Muscles | Located above the spine of the scapula |
| Inferior | Below or deep |
| Medius | Middle |
| Superior | Above |
| Externus | Outer |
| Internus | Inner |
| Orbicularis | Muscles surrounding another structure |
| Rectus | Straight, align with the vertical axis of the body |
| Oblique | Slanted, Away from the midline |
| Transverse | Crosswise, Crosswise to the midline |
| Sphincter | Tight band, Ringlike and constrict the opening of a passageway |
| Azygous | Not paired |
| zygot/o | Joined |
| Minimus | Small |
| Maximus or vastus | Large |
| Latissimus | Broad |
| Longissimus or gracilis | Narrow |
| Electromyography | Process of recording the electrical activity of the muscle cells near the recording electrodes, EMG |
| Electromyogram | Record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation |
| Adhesion | Band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion |
| Ataxia | Lack of voluntary control of muscle movement |
| tax/o | Coordination or order |
| Atonic | Lacking muscle tone |
| Fascilitis | Inflammation of the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles |
| Fibroma | Tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue, also called fibroid |
| Hernia | Protrusion of a body part through tissues that normally contain it |
| Laxity | Loosness |
| Leiomyoma | Benign tumor of smooth muscle |
| Leiomyositis | Inflammation of smooth muscle |
| Myasthenia | Muscle weakness |
| -asthenia | Weakness |
| Myoclonus | Spasm of muscles |
| clon/o | Spasm, violent action |
| Myoma | Benign tumor of muscle |
| Myopathy | Abnormal condition or disease of muscle |
| Myositis | Inflammation of voluntary muscles |
| Myotonia | Delayed relaxation of a muscle after contraction |
| Rhabdomyoma | Benign tumor of striated muscle |
| Tendinitis | Inflammation of the band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| Tetany | Muscle spasms or twitching |
| Myectomy | Surgical removal of muscle or part of a muscle |
| Myoplasty | Surgical repair of muscle |
| Myotomy | Surgical incision |
| Tenectomy | Surgical removal of a part of a tendon |
| Tenotomy | Surgical division of a tendon |
| DJD, EMG, fx, IVDD, P1, P2, P3, RA, ROM, TPO all stand for | Degenerative Joint Disease, Electromyography, Fracture, Intervertebral Disc Disease, Phalanx 1, Phalanx 2, Phalanx 3, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Range of Motion, Triple Pelvic Osteotomy |
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