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Socio--Chapter 6/7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Group | At least two people who have one or more goals in common and share common ways of thinking and behaving |
| Social Category | People who share a social characteristic |
| Social Aggregate | People temporarily in the same place at the same time |
| Primary Group | People who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company |
| Primary Relationships | Interactions that are intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling |
| Secondary Group | People who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task |
| Secondary Relationships | Impersonal interactions involving limited parts of personalities |
| Reference Group | Group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms |
| In-group | Exclusive group demanding intense loyalty |
| Out-group | Group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition |
| Social Network | A web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups |
| Cooperation | Interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal |
| Conflict | Interaction aimed at defeating an opponent |
| Social Exchange | A voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in turn |
| Coercion | Interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in a particular way |
| Conformity | Behavior that matches group expecations |
| Formal Organizations | A group deliberately created to achieve on or more long-term goals |
| Bureaucracy | A formal organization based on rationality and effiiciency |
| Power | The ability to control the behavior of others |
| Authority | The legitimate or socially approved use of power |
| Rationalization | The mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning |
| Informal Organization | Groups within a formal organization in which personal relationships s are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | Theory that people increasingly becomes concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organization |
| Deviance | Behavior that departs from societal or group norms |
| Negative Deviance | Involved behavior that under-conforms to accepted norms |
| Positive Deviance | Involved behavior that over-conforms to social expecations |
| Deviant | A person who breaks significant societal or group norms |
| Social Control | Ways to encourage conformity to society's norms |
| Social Sanctions | Rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms |
| Anomie | A social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent |
| Strain Theory | Theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means |
| Control Theory | Theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society |
| Differential Association Theory | Theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to |
| Labeling Theory | Theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant |
| Primary Deviance | Deviance involving occasional breaking, or norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle of self-concept |
| Secondary Deviance | Deviance in which an individuals life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms |
| Stigma | An undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual |
| Victim Discounting | Process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injured people of lower status |
| White-Collar Crime | Job-related crimes committed by high-status people |
| Crime | Acts committed in violation of the law |
| Criminal Justice System | System comparing institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statuses |
| Deterence | Discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment |
| Retribution | Punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts |
| Incarceration | A method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons |
| Rehabilitation | Process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization |
| Recidivism | A repetition of or return to criminal behavior |
Created by:
sabreena.d