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Where, Why, and What
VMT Chapter 2
| Ventral | Belly or underside |
| Cranial | Toward the head |
| Anterior | Front of the body |
| Rostral | Toward the nose |
| Cephalic | Pertaining to the head |
| Medial | Toward the midline |
| Superior | Uppermost, above, or toward the head |
| Proximal | Nearest the midline or nearest the beginning of a structure |
| Superficial | near the surface |
| Palmar | Caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus |
| Dorsal | Refers to the back |
| Caudal | Toward the tail |
| Posterior | Rear of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the midline |
| Inferior | Lowermost, below, or toward the tail |
| Distal | Farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a structure |
| Deep | Away from the surface |
| Plantar | Caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus |
| Midsagittal plane | Divides the body into equal right and left halves. Also called median and midline |
| Sagittal plane | Divides the body into unequal left and right halves. |
| Transverse plane | Divides the body into cranial and caudal |
| -logy | Study Of |
| Anatomy | Study of body structure |
| Physiology | Study of body functions |
| Pathology | Study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions |
| path/o | Disease |
| Pathophysiology | Study of changes in function caused by the disease |
| Etiology | Study of disease |
| eti/o | To cause |
| -logist | Specialist |
| cardi/o | heart |
| dermat/o | Skin |
| Dental arcade | Term used to describe how teeth are arranged in the mouth |
| Lingual surface | Aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue |
| Palatal surface | Tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue |
| Buccal surface | Aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek |
| Buccal surface is sometimes called this | Vestibular surface |
| Occlusal surfaces | Aspect of the teeth that meet when the animal chews |
| Labial surface | Tooth surface facing the lips |
| Contact surface | Aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth, divided into medial and distal |
| Mesial contact surface | closest to the midline of the dental arcade |
| Distal contact surfaces | furthest from the midline of the dental arcade |
| Cavity | hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs |
| Cranial cavity | Hollow space that contains the brain in the skull |
| Spinal cavity | Hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column |
| Thoracic cavity / Chest cavity | Hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and the diaphragm |
| Abdominal cavity | Hollow space that contains major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity |
| Peritoneal cavity | Hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum |
| Pelvic cavity | Hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems (urinary bladder and rectum) organs bounded by the pelvic bone |
| Membranes | Thin layer of tissues that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ |
| Peritoneum | Membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Parietal Peritoneum | Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Visceral Peritoneum | Inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs. |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Umbilicus | Pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus (also called the navel) |
| Mesentery | Layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity |
| Retroperitoneal | Superficial to the peritoneum |
| Dorsal Recumbency | Lying on the back |
| Ventral Recumbency | Lying on the sternum |
| Left Lateral Recumbency | Lying on the left side |
| Right Lateral Recumbency | Lying on the right side |
| Prone and Supine | Ventral or sternal recumbency Lying in dorsal recumbency |
| Adduction | Movement toward the midline |
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| Flexion | Closure of a joint, angle, or reduction of the angle between two bones |
| Extension | Straightening of a joint angle or an increase in the angle between two bones |
| Supination | Act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward |
| Pronation | Act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward |
| Rotation | Circular movement around an axis |
| Cyt/o | Cell |
| Cytology | Study of cells |
| Protoplasm | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus collectively |
| Cell membrane | Structure lining the cell that protects the cell's contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | Produces RNA that form ribosomes |
| Centrioles | Rod shaped organelles that maintain cell shape and move chromosomes during cell replication |
| Mitochondria | Energy producers of the cell |
| Golgi apparatus | Chemical processor of the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Collection of folded membranes that may contain ribosomes, known as rough endoplasmic reticulum, that synthesize protein. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is void of reticulum and synthesize lipids and some carbohydrates. |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis |
| Vacuoles | Small membrane-bound organelles containing water, food, or metabolic waste |
| Lysosomes | Digestive system of the cell |
| Nucleus | Structure in a cell that contains nucleoplasm, chromosomes, and the surrounding membrane |
| Nucleoplasm | Material in the nucleus |
| Chromosomes | Structures in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information |
| Genetic disorder | Inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes |
| Congenital | Denotes something that is present at birth, not that same as a genetic disorder |
| Anomaly | Deviation from what is regarded as normal |
| Tissue | Group of specialized cells that are similar in structure and function |
| Histology | Study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue |
| Hist/o | Tissue |
| What are the four types of tissue | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous |
| Epithelial tissue | Covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements |
| Endothelium | Cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs, including blood vessels. |
| Mesothelium | Cellular covering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum |
| Connective tissue | adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together |
| What are some types of connective tissue? | Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, and blood |
| Adipose tissue | Fat |
| Adip/p | Fat |
| Muscle tissue | Contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax |
| What are the 3 muscle types? | Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac |
| Nervous tissue | Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses |
| -plasia | Formation, Development, and Growth in the number of cells in an organ or tissue |
| -trophy | Formation, Development, and Growth in the size of an organ or a tissue or individual cells. |
| Anaplasia | Change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other |
| Aplasia | Lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| Dysplasia | Abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| Hyperplasia | Abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue |
| Hypoplasia | Incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell |
| Neoplasia | Any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive |
| -oma | Tumor or neoplasm |
| Atrophy | Decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell |
| Dystrophy | Defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell |
| a- | Without |
| ana- | Without |
| neo- | New |
| Glands | Groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body |
| Aden/o | Gland |
| What are the two categories of Glands | Exocrine and Endocrine |
| Exocrine glands | Group of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or to another organ. |
| What are some Exocrine glands? | Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands, portion of the pancreas that secretes digestive chemicals |
| Endocrine glands | Groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body |
| What are some Endocrine glands? | Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland, and portion of the pancreas that secretes insulin |
| uni | One |
| Corn | Horn |
| Bicornuate uterus | Uterus with two horns |
| Skeletal System | Support and shape Protects internal organs Hematopoiesis Mineral storage |
| oste/o, oss/e, oss/i | Bones |
| arthr/o | Joints |
| chondr/o | Cartilage |
| Muscular System | Locomotion Movement of body fluids Body heat generation |
| my/o | Muscles |
| fasc/i, fasci/o | Fascia |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | Tendons |
| Cardiovascular System | Via pumping mechanism delivers oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones to tissue Transports cellular waste from body Transports immune cells and antibodies |
| cardi/o | Heart |
| arteri/o | Arteries |
| ven/o, phleb/o | Veins |
| hem/o, hemat/o | Blood |
| Lymphatic and Immune System | Provide nutrients to and remove waste from tissues Protect the body from harmful substances and invading pathogens |
| lymph/o | Lymph vessels, fluid and nodes |
| tonsill/o | Tonsils |
| splen/o | Spleen |
| thym/o | Thymus |
| Respiratory System | Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells Removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body |
| nas/o, rhin/o | Nose or Nares |
| Pharyng/o | Pharynx |
| trache/o | Trachea |
| laryng/o | Larynx |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulm/o, pulmon/o | Lungs |
| Digestive System | Digests ingested food Absorption of digested food Elimination of solid waste |
| or/o, stomat/o | Mouth |
| esophag/o | Esophagus |
| gastr/o | Stomach |
| enter/o | Small intestine |
| col/o, colon/o | Large intestine |
| hepat/o | Liver |
| pancreat/o | Pancreas |
| Urinary System | Filters blood to remove waste Maintains electrolyte balance Regulates fluid balance |
| ren/o, nephr/o | Kidneys |
| ureter/o | Ureters |
| cyst/o | Urinary bladder |
| urethr/o | Urethra |
| Nervous System and Special Senses | Coordinating mechanism Reception of stimuli Transmission of messages |
| neur/o, neur/i | Nerves |
| encephal/o | Brain |
| myel/o | Spinal Cord |
| ophthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/i | Eyes |
| optic/o | Sight |
| ot/o, audit/o, aud/i | Ears |
| aur/i, aur/o | External ear |
| acoust/o, acous/o | Sound |
| Integumentary System | Protection of body Regulate body temperature and water content |
| dermat/o, derm/o, cutane/o | Skin |
| adren/o | Adrenals |
| gonad/o | Gonads |
| pineal/o | Pineal |
| pituit/o | Pituitary |
| thyroid/o, thyr/o | Thyroid |
| Reproductive System | Production of new life |
| orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o | Testes |
| ovari/o, oophor/o | Ovaries |
| hyster/o, metr/o, metr/i, metri/o, uter/o | Uterus |
| What is 1 in Latin and Greek | Latin: uni- Greek: mono- |
| What is 2 in Latin and Greek | Latin: duo- or bi- Greek: dyo- |
| What is 3 in Latin and Greek | Latin: tri- Greek: tri- |
| What is 4 in Latin and Greek | Latin: quadri- or quadro- Greek: tetr- or tetra- |
| What is 5 in Latin and Greek | Latin: quinqu- or quint- Greek: pent- or penta- |
| What is 6 in Latin and Greek | Latin: sex- Greek: hex- or hexa- |
| What is 7 in Latin and Greek | Latin: sept- or septi- Greek: hept- or hepta- |
| What is 8 in Latin and Greek | Latin: octo- Greek: oct-, octa- or octo- |
| What is 9 in Latin and Greek | Latin: novem- or nonus- Greek: ennea- |
| What is 10 in Latin and Greek | Latin: deca- or decem- Greek: dek- or deka- |
| Dorsal Plane | Plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts, also called the frontal plane |
Created by:
VTodd639