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Western Civ.
Chapters 26, 27 & 28
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| A 1924 plan that reconstructed Germany's reparations and arranged U.S. loans to stabilize the German economy and ease tensions with France and Britain. | Dawes Plan |
| A 1995 agreement in which Germany accepted its western borders with France and Belgium, raising hopes for a new era of European peace and security. | Treaty of Locarno |
| The worldwide economic collapse that began with the 1929 stock market crash and led to massive unemployment, bank failures and social unrest in the 1930s. | Great Depression |
| British economist who argued that governments should use deficit spending and active fiscal policy to fight unemployment and economic downturns. | John Maynard Keynes |
| A left-wing coalition government of socialist, radicals, and sometimes communists formed to defend democracy against fascism. | Popular Front |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt’s series of U.S. social and economic reforms in the 1930s, including relief, public works, and regulation, intended to combat the Great Depression. | New Deal |
| Fascist leader who created a dictatorship in Italy, ruling as “Il Duce,” glorifying the state, and suppressing political opposition. | Benito Mussolini |
| A tiny independent state in Rome created by the 1929 Lateran Accords, making the papacy sovereign and ending the long dispute between Italy and the Catholic Church. | Vatican City |
| The democratic German state established in 1919 after World War I, marked by political instability, economic crisis, and eventual collapse in the early 1930s. | Weimar Republic |
| Leader of the Nazi Party who became dictator of Germany, establishing a totalitarian regime, pursuing aggressive expansion, and initiating the Holocaust. | Adolf Hitler |
| The National Socialist German Workers’ Party, a radical right‑wing movement in Germany that promoted nationalism, racism, and dictatorship under Hitler. | Nazi Party |
| German term meaning “leader,” used as Hitler’s title to signify his absolute authority over the Nazi state. | Führer |
| A 1933 German law that gave Hitler’s government the power to legislate without parliamentary consent, effectively creating a legal dictatorship. | Enabling Act |
| The Schutzstaffel, originally Hitler’s bodyguard, which became an elite Nazi organization in charge of security, terror, and the operation of concentration and extermination camps. | SS |
| The Hitler Youth, a Nazi organization that indoctrinated German boys in Nazi ideology and prepared them for service to the regime. | Hitler Jugend |
| The communist state created after the Russian Revolution, uniting Russia and other territories under a one‑party Marxist–Leninist regime. | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) |
| Soviet leader who consolidated power in the 1920s, launched forced industrialization and collectivization, and ruled through terror and mass repression. | Joseph Stalin |
| Rapid state‑directed development of heavy industry and infrastructure, especially through Stalin’s Five‑Year Plans. | Industrialization |
| Stalin’s policy of seizing private farms and merging them into large state‑controlled collective farms, leading to resistance and widespread famine. | Collectivization |
| The late‑1930s campaigns of arrests, show trials, and executions in the Soviet Union that eliminated real and imagined opponents within the party, army, and society. | Purges |
| Right‑wing general who led the Nationalists to victory in the Spanish Civil War and ruled Spain as an authoritarian dictator until 1975. | Francisco Franco |
| New mass media spread news, propaganda, and entertainment to large audiences, strengthening state influence and shaping popular culture. | Radio, Motion Pictures |
| Spanish surrealist painter known for dreamlike, distorted images that reflected the interwar artistic fascination with the unconscious. | Salvador Dali |
| In Nazi ideology, a supposed “master race” of people of northern European descent, used to justify racism, anti‑Semitism, and expansion. | Aryan |
| The wartime alliance of Germany, Italy, and later Japan, formed in opposition to the Allied powers. | Axis |
| The 1938 meeting where Britain and France agreed to let Hitler annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in an attempt at appeasement. | Munich Conference |
| British prime minister associated with the policy of appeasement toward Hitler, especially at Munich. | Neville Chamberlain |
| British statesman who opposed appeasement and later, as prime minister, led Britain during most of World War II. | Winston Churchill |
| The authoritarian regime that governed unoccupied southern France after 1940, collaborating with Nazi Germany. | Vichy France |
| The German air force under the Nazi regime, used in blitzkrieg campaigns and bombing raids. | Luffwaffe |
| City in the Soviet Union and site of a major 1942–43 battle where Soviet forces stopped and then encircled a German army, turning the tide on the Eastern Front. | Stalingrad |
| Region in northern France where Allied forces landed on D‑Day, opening a Western Front against Germany. | Normandy |
| Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs in August 1945, leading directly to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II in Asia. | Hiroshima & Nagasaki |
| The systematic, state‑directed genocide in which Nazi Germany murdered six million Jews and millions of other victims during World War II. | Holocaust |
| The largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp complex in occupied Poland, where mass killings were carried out in gas chambers. | Auschwitz-Birkenau |
| Nazi policy to annihilate the Jewish population of Europe, implemented through ghettos, shootings, and extermination camps. | Final Solution |
| The prolonged political, ideological, and military rivalry after World War II between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies, short of direct large‑scale war. | Cold War |
| Region of European states that, after 1945, came under Soviet influence and developed communist governments aligned with Moscow. | Eastern Europe |
| U.S. policy announced in 1947 promising support to countries threatened by communism, beginning with aid to Greece and Turkey. | Truman Doctrine |
| Large U.S. economic aid program to help rebuild war‑torn Western Europe and strengthen it against communist influence. | Marshall Plan |
| The 1948–49 operation in which Western powers flew supplies into West Berlin to overcome a Soviet blockade of the city. | Berlin Airlift |
| The two German states created in 1949: the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic | West & East Germany |
| Bombs based on nuclear reactions introduced at the end of World War II, which became central to Cold War deterrence and the arms race. | Nuclear Weapons |
| The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a 1949 military alliance of the United States, Canada, and Western European states for collective defense against Soviet threat. | NATO |
| The 1955 military alliance of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states, formed as a counterpart to NATO. | Warsaw Pact |
| The 1950–53 conflict in which North Korea fought South Korea, ending in a divided Korea. | Korean War |
| Long conflict in which communist North Vietnam and its allies fought South Vietnam and the U.S., resulting in the communist unification of Vietnam in 1975. | Vietnam War |
| Barrier built in 1961 by East Germany to stop emigration to West Berlin, becoming a powerful symbol of Cold War division. | Berlin Wall |
| The 1962 confrontation over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba that brought the U.S. and the USSR to the brink of nuclear war before a negotiated withdrawal. | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| The process after World War II by which European empires granted independence to colonies in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. | Decolonization |
| Jewish state proclaimed in 1948 in part of Palestine, soon involved in repeated conflicts with neighboring Arab states. | Israel |
| Organization formed to represent Palestinian Arabs and to pursue the creation of an independent Palestinian state, originally often through armed struggle. | PLO |
| Leader of the Chinese Communist Party who established the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and led it for decades. | Mao Zedong |
| Soviet leader after Stalin who began de‑Stalinization, promoted some domestic reforms, and presided during crises like the Cuban Missile Crisis. | Nikita Khrushchev |
| Soviet leader after Khrushchev, associated with political stagnation, limited reforms, and the doctrine of intervening in socialist countries to maintain communism. | Leonid Brezhnev |
| The 1956 uprising in Hungary seeking political liberalization and independence from Soviet control, crushed by Soviet military intervention. | Hungarian Revolt |
| French general and statesman who led Free France in World War II and later founded the Fifth Republic, strengthening the presidency and pursuing an independent foreign policy. | Charles DeGaulle |
| A system in which the government assumes major responsibility for citizens’ social security, health care, and economic well‑being through extensive public programs. | Welfare State |
| The European Economic Community (Common Market), created by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 to promote economic integration and free trade among its member states. | EEC |
| American abstract expressionist painter known for drip painting, which emphasized spontaneity and the act of painting itself. | Jackson Pollock |
| French existentialist philosopher and writer who emphasized individual freedom, responsibility, and the meaning created by human choices in an absurd world. | Jean-Paul Sartre |
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