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Western Civ.
Chapters 25
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| The policy and culture of building up large armed forces and glorifying military values, which made European powers more willing to use war as a tool of policy before 1914. | Militarism |
| A secret Serbian nationalist terrorist organization that supported Slavic independence and whose member assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, helping trigger World War I. | Black Hand |
| Germany’s prewar strategy for a two-front conflict that called for a rapid knockout attack on France through Belgium, then shifting forces east against Russia. | Schlieffen Plan |
| A failed Allied campaign on the Gallipoli Peninsula (1915–1916) intended to force the Dardanelles, knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war, and open a sea route to Russia. | Gallipoli |
| A novel by Erich Maria Remarque that depicts the physical and psychological horrors of trench warfare from the viewpoint of a German soldier in World War I. | All Quiet on the Western Front |
| A British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat in May 1915, killing many civilians (including Americans) and helping turn neutral opinion against Germany. | Lusitania |
| Government control and restriction of information, publications, and correspondence, used in wartime to suppress criticism, protect military secrets, and maintain morale. | Censorship |
| Deliberate government-directed information, images, and messages used to shape public opinion, mobilize support for the war, and demonize the enemy. | Propaganda |
| The last tsar of Russia and his German-born wife, whose weak leadership, reliance on autocracy and mysticism, and mishandling of World War I undermined the monarchy’s legitimacy. | Nicholas II & Alexandra |
| The first 1917 Russian revolution when mass protests and mutinies in Petrograd toppled the tsar and led to the creation of the Provisional Government. | February (March) Revolution |
| The second 1917 Russian revolution, in which the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd and overthrew the Provisional Government. | October (November) Revolution |
| The radical, majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party led by Lenin, committed to a small, disciplined party that would lead a socialist revolution. | Bolsheviks |
| The leader of the Bolsheviks who adapted Marxism to Russian conditions, organized the October Revolution, headed the new Soviet state, and negotiated Russia’s exit from World War I. | Vladimir Lenin |
| A key Bolshevik leader who organized and led the Red Army and played a central role in the October takeover and subsequent civil war. | Leon Trotsky |
| The Bolshevik slogan promising to end Russia’s involvement in the war redistribute land to peasants and address urban hunger and economic crisis | " Peace, Land, and Bread" |
| The new name adopted by the Bolsheviks after they took power, signifying a one-party regime that claimed to represent the working class and aimed to build a socialist state. | Communist Party |
| The post‑revolution conflict in Russia (1918–1921) between the Bolshevik Red forces and various anti‑Bolshevik White and nationalist armies, which ended with Bolshevik victory and consolidation of their regime. | Civil War |
| The international organization established after World War I to promote collective security, arbitrate disputes, and prevent future wars, as envisioned in the peace settlements. | League of Nations |
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