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Western Civ.
Chapters 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 & 24
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| Adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the American colonies’ separation from British rule and establishing the principles of popular sovereignty and individual rights that would shape modern constitutional democracy. | Declaration of Independence |
| Ended the American Revolutionary War, recognizing the independence of the United States and granting it significant territorial concessions from Great Britain. | Treaty of Paris |
| The first constitution of the United States, creating a loose union of sovereign states with a weak central government; it was eventually replaced due to its inability to effectively manage national affairs. | Articles of Confederation |
| Established the framework for the federal government of the United States in 1787, replacing the Articles of Confederation and creating a stronger central authority with checks and balances among executive, legislative, and judicial branches. | Constitution |
| The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to safeguard fundamental liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and due process against government infringement. | Bill of Rights |
| The broad social classes of prerevolutionary France: the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (commoners, including bourgeoisie and peasants). | Estates |
| The grand palace outside Paris, built by Louis XIV and used as the seat of royal power until the French Revolution; it symbolizes the extravagance of the monarchy and was the site of major political events, including the meeting of the Estates-General. | Versailles |
| A French playwright and political activist famous for advocating for women’s rights during the French Revolution, especially through her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791). | Olympe de Gouges |
| The site of the only successful slave revolt in the early modern Atlantic world, resulting in its independence from France in 1804 and establishing the first Black-led republic in the Western Hemisphere. | Haiti |
| Napoleon Bonaparte’s massive military force assembled for his European campaigns, notably his ill-fated Russian invasion in 1812. | Grand Army |
| The decisive battle on June 18, 1815, where Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by British and Prussian forces, ending his rule and the Napoleonic Wars. | Waterloo |
| The core slogan and guiding principles of the French Revolution, expressing demands for personal freedom, social equality before the law, and communal solidarity. | Liberty, Equality, Fraternity |
| The legal and social movements to end slavery throughout Western societies, culminating in the emancipation of enslaved people in places such as Haiti and, later, the United States and French colonies. | Abolition of Slavery |
| French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution, eventually becoming Emperor and radically reshaping European politics through warfare, legal reform, and centralization until his defeat at Waterloo. | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| The period of significant changes in farming and livestock breeding that led to a major increase in food production in the 18th century. | Agricultural Revolution |
| Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements to the steam engine in the late 18th century made it far more efficient. | James Watt |
| Type of workplace that emerged during the Industrial Revolution. | Factory |
| A massive glass-and-iron structure built in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. It symbolized the triumph of industrial technology and engineering, showcasing the achievements of the Industrial Revolution. | Crystal Palace |
| Also known as the Great Famine, occurred in Ireland between 1845 and 1851 when a potato blight destroyed the staple crop. | Irish Potato Famine |
| Groups of English workers, especially in textiles, who protested against mechanization in the early 19th century. | Luddites |
| A British working-class movement for political reform in the mid-19th century, centered around the People’s Charter of 1838. | Chartism |
| Someone often a social or political activist who sought to improve conditions and bring about changes in society, government, or industry, particularly in response to the injustices and problems brought by industrialization. | Reformer |
| A congress held in 1814-1815, led by Austrian foreign minister Klemens von Metternich, which aimed to restore order and legitimize royal authority in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. | Congress of Vienna |
| Austrian prince, diplomat, and statesman who presided over the Congress of Vienna, advocating conservative principles and the suppression of revolutionary movements throughout Europe. | Klemens von Metternich |
| An English conservative thinker who argued that society is a contract among generations and that change should only happen gradually. | Edmund Burke |
| The successful revolt of Greeks against Ottoman rule beginning in 1821, inspired by nationalism and supported by liberal Europeans. It resulted in the recognition of Greek independence in 1830 by the major powers. | Greek Revolution |
| Tsar of Russia from 1825 to 1855. He was known for his autocratic policies, opposition to liberal reforms, and robust suppression of revolutionary movements both in Russia and abroad. | Nicholas I |
| An ideology centered on individual freedoms, constitutional government, civil liberties, and limited suffrage (often based on property). | Liberalism |
| A political philosophy emphasizing respect for tradition, authority, and social order, often favoring monarchy, organized religion, and resisting revolutionary change. | Conservatism |
| A belief that people who share common traditions, language, and institutions should have their own nation-state. | Nationalism |
| An ideology that emphasized the collective ownership of the means of production and called for human cooperation over competition. | Socialism |
| A series of political upheavals across Europe, including France, Belgium, and Poland, many inspired by liberal and nationalist ideals. The revolutions challenged conservative order but had mixed success in achieving lasting change. | Revolutions of 1830 |
| A widespread wave of revolutions throughout Europe in 1848, motivated by demands for national independence, liberal constitutions, and social reforms. Although most were ultimately suppressed, these revolutions revealed widespread discontent. | Revolutions of 1848 |
| An influential American statesman, known for supporting a strong central government, promoting industrialization, and authoring many of the Federalist Papers. | Alexander Hamilton |
| A major American founding figure, advocated for states’ rights, limited government, and the expansion of individual liberties. He was principal author of the Declaration of Independence. | Thomas Jefferson |
| A prominent U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice who strengthened the role of the federal judiciary and established judicial review, reinforcing federal power over states. | John Marshall |
| Seventh U.S. President known for his populist appeal, expansion of suffrage, and controversial policies on Native American removal. He represented a new style of mass democratic politics. | Andrew Jackson |
| A cultural and artistic movement emerging in early nineteenth-century Europe that valued emotion, individualism, nature, and the imagination, rejecting the rationalism of the Enlightenment. | Romanticism |
| An English Romantic poet who celebrated nature, emotion, and the experiences of ordinary people, writing in simple language to reflect his deep spiritual response to the natural world. | William Wordsworth |
| A German composer who bridged classical and Romantic music, infusing his compositions with deep personal emotion, individualism, and expressive power. | Ludwig van Beethoven |
| A liberal thinker and philosopher, known for advocating individual liberty, absolute freedom of opinion, and women’s rights. His writings, such as "On Liberty" and "The Subjection of Women," influenced later liberal and feminist movements. | John Stuart Mill |
| Became emperor after the French Second Republic, establishing an authoritarian monarchy known as the Second Empire. | Napoleon III |
| A major conflict involving Russia against an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. | Crimean War |
| A 19th-century political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy in 1861. | Unification of Italy |
| Occurred between 1864 and 1871, led by Prussia and orchestrated by its Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck. | Unification of Germany |
| The chief architect of German unification and the first Chancellor of the German Empire (1871–1890). | Otto von Bismarck |
| Formed in 1867 by the Ausgleich was a dual monarchy composed of Austria and Hungary under one emperor but with separate governments. | Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| A system primarily in medieval and early modern Europe where peasants were tied to the land and subject to the authority of landowners. | Serfdom |
| Emperor of Russia from 1855 to 1881. Best known for his major reforms, notably the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. | Alexander II |
| 19th-century philosopher, economist, and political theorist whose ideas laid the foundation for modern socialism and communism. | Karl Max |
| A mid- to late-19th-century intellectual and artistic movement that aimed to depict everyday life and society as they truly were, rejecting romantic idealization. | Realism |
| The American industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry by introducing the assembly line, which significantly increased the speed and reduced the cost of automobile production, making cars more affordable to the masses. | Henry Ford |
| Members of political parties in Europe, who combined socialist ideals with a willingness to work within democratic and parliamentary systems to achieve social reforms, improve workers’ conditions, and pursue gradual progress rather than revolution. | Social Democrats |
| The process in which increasing numbers of people began living in cities instead of rural areas, spurred by industrialization, new economic opportunities, and the transformation of the social landscape across Europe. | Urbanization |
| The spread of compulsory, state-financed elementary schooling to provide basic literacy, instill patriotic values, prepare an informed workforce, and unify national identity among the population. | Mass Education |
| The new forms of entertainment and recreation such as sports, tourism, music halls, and amusement parks that became available to large segments of the population | Mass Leisure |
| Pioneers in physics and chemistry who discovered that atoms emit energy in the form of radiation from within themselves, showing that atoms are not solid and unbreakable as once thought. | Marie & Pierre Curie |
| Developed the theory of relativity, demonstrating that space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer, fundamentally changing scientific views on the universe. | Albert Einstein |
| Philosopher who argued that Western society’s morality limited creativity; he claimed “God is dead” and promoted the idea of the “superman” who creates his own values beyond traditional notions of good and evil. | Friedrich Nietzsche |
| Founder of psychoanalysis, asserting that human behavior is governed by the unconscious mind; introduced concepts like the id (desire), ego (reason), and superego (morality). | Sigmund Freud |
| A literary movement insisting that literature should depict reality with a deep sense of pessimism, emphasizing the darker, deterministic forces in life. | Naturalism |
| Literary trend, especially in poetry, opposing realism and naturalism; symbolists believed that the objective knowledge of the world was impossible and sought to evoke emotions and ideas through symbols. | Symbolism |
| Artistic movement focusing on capturing the immediate impression of a sceneuse of light, color, and brushstroke to suggest rather than define reality | Impressionism |
| Expanded upon impressionism, emphasizing not only light and color but also formal design, structure, and personal expression | Post Impressionism |
| Dutch postimpressionist painter known for using vivid colors and expressive brushwork to convey emotion. | Vincent van Gogh |
| Groundbreaking Spanish artist who was one of the founders of Cubism, which broke objects into geometric shapes and multiple perspectives. | Pablo Picasso |
| Russian artist credited as one of the first creators of abstract art, emphasizing color and form with less reference to the visible world. | Vasily Kandinsky |
| The advocacy for women’s rights and gender equality; in this era, it focused on legal rights, higher education, and political participation. | Feminism |
| Leader of the British suffragette movement who used militant tactics to demand votes and civil rights for women. | Emmeline Pankhurst |
| Hostility and prejudice against Jews; intensified in late-19th-century Europe, often linked to nationalist and racist ideologies. | Anti-Semitism |
| Nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine as a response to widespread anti-Semitism. | Zionism |
| Founder of modern Zionism, who organized political efforts to create a Jewish state in Palestine. | Theodor Herzl |
| The policy of extending a nation’s authority by acquiring colonies and dominating weaker nations politically, economically, and culturally. | Imperialism |
| Phrase popularized by Rudyard Kipling’s poem, justifying imperialism by claiming Westerners had a moral obligation to “civilize” and govern non-European peoples. | "The White Man's Burden" |
| British imperialist and entrepreneur whose ambitions symbolized the drive for expansion in Africa; he believed strongly in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race and the civilizing mission of the British Empire. | Cecil Rhodes |
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