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Western Civ.
Chapters 17 & 18
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| An intellectual movement of the 18th century that used reason and science to understand and improve society, inspired by the Scientific Revolution and seeking natural laws governing human life. | Enlightenment |
| The central concept in Enlightenment thinking, referring to the application of critical, rational thought as the primary source of knowledge and progress. | Reason |
| English philosopher who argued that knowledge is derived from experience, not heredity, and developed the idea of the mind as a "tabula rasa" | John Locke |
| Enlightenment writers and thinkers, mainly in France, who applied reason to society, advocating reform, tolerance, and progress. | Philosophes |
| French thinker who championed the scientific method in politics, developing the theory of separation of powers in governments. | Montesquieu |
| A leading philosophe, known for advocating religious tolerance, freedom of expression, and criticizing established religious and social institutions. | Voltaire |
| Philosophe and chief editor of the Encyclopedia, which sought to compile and spread Enlightenment ideas. | Denis Diderot |
| The Enlightenment-era belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not interfere in its workings; God as a clockmaker who lets the universe run by natural laws. | Deism |
| Scottish economist who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" and argued for free-market economics and individual self-interest as drivers of prosperity. | Adam Smith |
| Economic principle, promoted by Adam Smith, that advocates minimal government interference in the economy. | Laissez-faire |
| Philosophe who stressed emotion and the general will; wrote on the importance of education and individual freedom. | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| Rousseau's work on education that argued for natural development and learning from experience. | Emile |
| Writer and early feminist who argued for women's rights and equality, critiquing traditional views on women’s education and social roles. | Mary Wollstonecroft |
| Artistic style of the 18th century characterized by ornate, light, and decorative elements, often seen as a reaction to the grandeur of Baroque. | Rococo |
| Baroque composer famous for his operas and oratorios, including "Messiah," contributing significantly to Western music. | George Frederick Handel |
| Classical composer known for his prolific and influential works in opera, symphony, and chamber music. | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |
| Popular festival held before Lent in Catholic countries, marked by celebration, excess, and temporary suspension of social norms. | Carnival |
| Founder of Methodism, which emphasized piety, personal religious experience, and social action. | John Wesley |
| The nation formed by the union of England and Scotland in 1707, later including Ireland, central to 18th-century European politics. | Untied Kingdom of Great Britain |
| King of Britain from 1760 to 1820; his reign saw the American Revolution and increasing parliamentary control. | George III |
| An enlightened absolutist ruler who pursued reforms in religion, law, and education, promoting tolerance and bureaucracy. | Frederick II |
| Implemented reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas but ultimately strengthened her own authority and extended Russian territory. | Catherine II |
| Emperor of Austria who sought widespread Enlightenment-inspired reforms including religious tolerance, legal equality, and abolition of serfdom, though many were reversed after his death. | Joseph II |
| A major revolt (1773–74) by Russian peasants and Cossacks led by Emelyan Pugachev, brutally suppressed by Catherine II. | Pugachev's Rebellion |
| The process by which Poland was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in three stages (1772, 1793, 1795), erasing Poland as an independent state. | Partitions of Poland |
| A global conflict (1756–1763) fought in Europe, North America, and India; involved most European powers and reshaped international relations and colonial possessions. | Seven Years' War |
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