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PSYCH U4
Vocab words of Unit 4 in AP Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | the focus is not on the individual, but on the situation faced by the individual |
| Attribution Theory | explained behavior to the situation or disposition |
| Dispositional Attribution | internal qualities of others; personally or intelligence |
| Situational Attribution | external circumstances; experiences |
| Explanatory Style | explain good or bad in someone's life; optimistic or pessimistic |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency to underestimate impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition (dispositional attribution) |
| Actor-Observer Bias | attribute our own actions to external factors and attribute others actions to internal focus |
| Attitudes | feelings (typically in/about a situation) |
| Peripheral Route Persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness |
| Central Route Persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| Superordinate Goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
| Grit | graduated and reciprocated in tension |
| Reduction | strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
| Relative Deprivation | judging their own sense of deprivation relative to others |
| Foot in the Door Phenomenon | tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with larger request |
| Role | set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in that position ought to behave |
| Prejudice | unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members |
| Stereotypes | generalized belief about a group of people |
| Ethnocentrism | belief that a specific group is superior |
| Just-World Phenomenon | tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Ingroup | people with whom we shared a common identity |
| Outgroup | those perceived as different or apart |
| Ingroup Bias | tendency to favor your own group |
| Scapegoat Theory | theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| Belief Perseverance | when a belief persists even if evidence suggests it is not accurate |
| Confirmation Bias | clinging to an attitude or belief regardless of evidence for or against it |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | acting to reduce the discomfort a person feels when two thoughts are inconsistent |
| Norms | understood role for accepted and expected behavior |
| Social Influence Theory | explores how individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped by the presence, actions, and expectations of others, encompassing concepts like conformity, obedience, and persuasion. |
| Conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| Normative Social Influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain or avoid disapproval |
| Informational Social Influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinion about reality |
| Social Faciltation | finding that performance strengthened in the presence of others. |
| Social Loafing | tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal |
| Deindividuation | loss of self-restraint and self-awareness that fosters arousal and anatomy |
| Group Think | mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal |
| Culture | behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions, shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Altruism | unselfish regard for welfare of others, they become highly respected |
| Bystander Effect | tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Social Exchange Theory | theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| Reciprocity Norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| Social Responsibility Norm | an expectation that people will help those needing their help |
| Psychodynamic Theories | view with focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
| Collective Unconscious | inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history |
| Humanistic Theories | view with focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
| Self-Actualization | (Maslow Hierarchy of Needs) the motivation to fulfill one's potential after basic needs - physical and psychological - are met |
| Self-Transcendence | meaning, purpose and communion beyond the self |
| Denial | refusing to acknowledge or accept the reality of a solution |
| Projection | attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others |
| Rationalization | creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior or thoughts |
| Regression | returning to an earlier state of development in response to stress |
| Repression | unconsciously pushing unacceptable thoughts, feeling, or memories out of awareness |
| Sublimation | channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors |
| Need for Growth (Rogers) | genuineness, acceptance, empathy |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
| Self-Concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in order to answer the question, "who am I." |
| Social Cognitive Perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context |
| Behavior Approach | the effects of learning on our personality development |
| Reciprocal Determinism | interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
| Self | the center of our personality organizing thoughts, feelings, and actions |
| Spotlight Effect | overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| Self-Esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth |
| Self-Efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness |
| Self-Serving Bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
| Narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption |
| Individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification |
| Collectivist | giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly |
| Homeostasis | an internal state of balance, regulation of body chemistry |
| Incentives | positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | performative increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond that performance decreases |
| Approach-Approach | choosing between two desirable outcomes |
| Avoidance-Avoidance | choosing between two undesirable outcomes |
| Approach-Avoidance | being attracted to a goal but also aware of negative consequences associated with pursuing it |
| Glucose | form of sugar that circulates in blood and provides a major source of energy for body tissues (L |
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