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History of Psych
PACAT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Presentist vs Historicist | past through lens of the present vs understand past on own terms |
| Presentist | View the past through the lens of the present |
| Historicist | Understand the past on its own terms |
| Internalist vs Externalist | focus solely on psychologist vs more context from world |
| Internalist | Focus solely on writings and ideas of psychologists |
| Externalist | Include info from the greater world, more context |
| Prehistoric vs Naturalistic | ideas resulting from personal experience vs ideas impacted by broad intellectual climates |
| Prehistoric | View each person’s ideas as resulting from their personal experience |
| Naturalistic | ways in which an indi’s ideas were impacted by broad intellectual climates |
| Nativism vs Empiricism | nature, genetics, innate vs nurture, learn from environment |
| Nativism | Innate Ideas, Descartes, Plato, Leibniz, Kant |
| Empiricism | Sensory experience, learn from environment, Aristotle, Harvey, Locke, J.S. Mill |
| Mind-body Dualism (person) | Descartes |
| Mind-body Dualism | Mind is lacking substance, unextended, and free. Body is substance, extended, and limited |
| Introspection | Wundt and Titchener |
| Introspection | A specific way of describing experiences, narrow approach |
| Structuralism (Person) | Titchener |
| Structuralism | The study of structure of the conscious mind, determine the elements that make up the structure of the mind, reducing consciousness to its simplest elements |
| Plato | rationality, thinking, reflection, balance and harmony, Perception vs reality, body vs soul, universal unchanging constants |
| Ancient Greek PHI, inborn and Innate knowledge (nature) | |
| Aristotle | Tabula rasa (blank slate, Nurture) |
| Aristotle | Memory, human nature, logic, physics, biology, geology |
| Harvey | Circulatory system research |
| Harvey | Scientific rigor can be applied to humans, renaissance era |
| Descartes | Animals are machines |
| Descartes | Mind-body dualism |
| Descartes | geometry, I think therefore I am |
| Locke | Empiricist, education is critical (we are all born equal and good) |
| Locke | “Concerning the human mind”, basic elements of mind (sensation and perception, simple to complex ideas, combination, comparison, abstraction) |
| Von Leibniz | Nature, innate intellect |
| Von Leibniz | Mind and body parallel, do not interact but run parallel courses |
| Kant | Nature, Intuitions, innate frames experiences |
| Kant | psychology is impossible to exist as a true science |
| Kant | Observation changes the observed |
| J.S. Mill | Feminist ahead of times, the way women were treated stifled their abilities (nurture) |
| J.S. Mill | Psychology can be a science of the mind, mind and behavior may be predictable |
| J.S. Mill | Cause and effect analysis (Temporal Precedence, Covariance, Disqualification of alternatives) |
| Galvani | Discovered that the nerve is electrical, electrical influence machine |
| Helmholtz | Physiologist, Neural conduction (measured speed of neural impulse) |
| Helmholtz | Invented the Myograph (latency, duration, nature of contraction) |
| Magendie | Nervous system, Bell- X Law (Motor (Anterior, ventral) vs Sensory nerves (Posterior, dorsal)) |
| Gall | Racist, Phrenologist, Personality and the skull, idea of localization |
| Flourens | Functions of the brain using ablation, neural plasticity |
| Broca | Tan(couldn’t speak, could understand) |
| Broca | left frontal lobe damage= incapable of speech, capable of understanding/meaning |
| Wernicke | Left temporal lobe= fluent speech, little meaning |
| Ferrier | Monkey brain = Human brain, ablation experiments and motor/sensory functions |
| Bartholow | Tortured people by shocking their brains in Cincy |
| Penfield | Operations on epileptic patients, ethical and safer, sensory/motor areas, memories |
| Berger | Invented the EEG to visualize brain activity |
| Cajal | Wanted to figure out how the brain proccesses information, discovered the synapse between neurons, artist |
| Golgi | visualized neurons and said they were connected |
| Wundt | Founded psychology as a separate science |
| Wundt | Psychology is to be objective and experimental |
| Psychology | between physical and social sciences |
| Wundt | Studied reaction times, perception, sensory mapping |
| Wundt | Introspection, Three dimensional theory of feeling (Pleasure vs Displeasure, Strain vs Relaxation, Excitement vs Calm), introspection |
| Titchener | Only interested in the structure of the mind, Structuralism(study of the structure of the conscious mind), introspection |
| Titchener | Color mapping, sensitivity, mixing, afterimages, tonese |
| Munsterburg | founder of Applied Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Industrial Psychology |
| Munsterburg | Functionalism, Psychotherapy |
| Munsterburg | Broader more varied, positive public figure |
| Munsterburg | his goal was to study the functions of the mind |
| Weber | Just noticeable difference(touch, weight, brightness) |
| Weber | Ratio to size/intensity of initial stimulus |
| Ebbinghaus | Nonsense syllable |
| Ebbinghaus | Testing familiarity on learning and memory |
| Ebbinghaus | Repetition, Relearning, Spaced vs Misspaced practice |
| J.S. Mill’s Criteria for causation | Temporal Precedence, Covariance, Disqualification of alternative |
| Myograph | Measure latency, duration, and nature of nerve contraction, electrical conduction |
| Three dimension theory of feeling | Wundt, Pleasure vs Displeasure, Strain vs Relaxation, Excitement vs Calm |
| Nonsense Syllable | Ebbinghaus |
| James Cattell | Mental Testing (Weschsler, Beck, TAT), Science Journal |
| James Cattell | Falibility of memory, scales, measures, self study |
| William James | Wrote Principles of Psychology |
| William James | Founded Psychology department at Harvard |
| William James | Father of Functionalism, Pragmatism(beliefs are true because they work), Parapsychology |
| William James | Habits (modified by experience) Memory (experience on memory, quality of memory dep on structure of brain, experience impacts paths) Education (Opposed formal discipline) |
| William James | Consciousness (adaptive, personal, ever-changing/continuous stream) |
| Hall | American Journal of Psychology, First formal psych lab, Founding of APA, First US PhD |
| Hall | Developmental Psychology, “Adolescence”, Aging, Recapitulation theory, genetics |
| Calkins | Association and memory, Paired associate method, Self-Psychology |
| Pavlov | Surgeon, Conditioning Research, Temperament, PTSD |
| Watson | Father of Behaviorism |
| Watson | Rats (myelin and mazes, muscle cues), Birds (homing, imprinting), Thought (Subvocal speech), conditioned reflexes (Infants, Little Albert, Peter B) |
| Wertheimer | Gestalt Psychology |
| Wertheimer | Perception of distance and movement, Principles of perception (similarity, proximity, closure), Holistic view of education |
| Kohler | Gestalt Psychology #2 |
| Kohler | Value of observation, Detour experiment, Aha moment (insight learning), Transposition, Biological fear |
| Lewin | Topological Psychology |
| Lewin | Conflict, Action research, Authoritarian vs Democratic leadership on children’s behavior |
| Tolman | Rats (mazes, insight learning, latent learning), Place vs response learning, human aggression |
| Tolman | Molar Behaviorism |
| Hull | Hypnosis (gender and age differences), posthypnotic suggestion, Habits(strength), mechanistic view of behavior, Unified Theory, “Principles of Behavior”, Drive-Reduction Theory |
| Skinner | |
| Freud | Hysteria and hypnosis, Personal relationships and uncovering repressed memories, Free association (psychoanalysis), Anna O, Seduction Theory, Interpretation of dreams, Psychosexual Staged of Development, Oedipus |
| Anna Freud | Play Therapy |
| Karen Horney | Rejected Oedipus complex and penis envy |
| Whitmer | Father of Clinical and School Psychology and Comparative Psychology |
| Whitmer | Ideographic approach (individuals), Team approach |
| Rogers | Clients over patients, non-directive approach, Unconditional Positive Regard, Humanistic Movement, Counseling Psychology |
Created by:
katchcats