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Nervous Sys.

TermDefinition
Nerves Where commands are carried from the brain to the body, and signals are sent back to the brain.
The nervous Systems Protection Skull and spinal column.
2 Divisions of the Nervous System The Central Nervous System(CNS), and the Peripheral Nervous System(PNS).
Central Nervous System(CNS) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, and acts as a central processing unit for the body.
Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Composed of the nerves traveling from the brain and spinal cord to target organs and back again, the messenger carrying signals generated by the CNS.
2 Divisions of the Nervous System Somatic Nervous System(voluntary), Autonomic Nervous System(involuntary).
Somatic Nervous System Voluntary- carries out conscious activities and activities that are somewhat unconscious like posture.
Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary-performs functions that don't require conscious thought like breathing.
Neuron Nerve cell- the basic structural unit of the nervous system. Is organized into pathways that carry signals to and from places in the body or coordinate signals in the Nervous System.
The 2 Types of Neurons Sensory Neurons, and Motor Neurons.
Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary-performs functions that don't require conscious thought like breathing.
Neuron Nerve cell- the basic structural unit of the nervous system. Is organized into pathways that carry signals to and from places in the body or coordinate signals in the Nervous System.
The 2 Types of Neurons Sensory Neurons, and Motor Neurons.
Sensory Neurons Carry signals of touch, taste, etc. to the brain.
Lower Motor Neurons Are located in the Peripheral Nervous System.
Motor Neurons Carry instructions from the brain to the muscles-causing them to move, consists of 2 Types: Lower and Upper.
Lower Motor Neurons Are located in the Peripheral Nervous System.
Upper Motor Neurons Carry signals initiating body movements from the brain.
Interneurons Carry signals between neurons.
Neuron Parts Perikaryon(cell body), Nucleus, Dendrites, Axon, Synaptic Knobs.
Dendrites The branches of the cell body of the neuron that either sense the environment or receive signals from other Neurons.
Axon The stem part extending from the cell body of a nucleus, transmits signals from the cell body to other Neurons or to target organs.
Axon The stem part extending from the cell body of a nucleus, transmits signals from the cell body to other Neurons or to target organs.
Synaptic Knob(s) The disk shaped bulls on the ends of the axon branches on Neurons.
Synaptic Knob(s) The disk shaped bulls on the ends of the axon branches on Neurons.
The Order of Signals Traveling in a Neuron 1. Dendrites, 2. Cell Body, 3. Axon, 4. Synaptic Knobs.
The Order of Signals Traveling in a Neuron 1. Dendrites, 2. Cell Body, 3. Axon, 4. Synaptic Knobs.
Neuromuscular Junction When a nerve connects to a muscle fiber telling it to move instead of another nerve, the meeting point.
Neuromuscular Junction When a nerve connects to a muscle fiber telling it to move instead of another nerve, the meeting point.
Schwann Cells Cells that surround Axons and Dendrites of many Neurons. Provide structure support, metabolic support, and make up a protective covering over the axon (Myelin Sheath).
Myelin Sheath The protective covering of the Axon on a Neuron made of Schwann cells. Improves the transmission speed of electrical impulses through the Axon.
Node of Ranvier The spot on the Neuron where the Myelin Sheath thins. Improves the transmission speed of electrical impulses through the Axon.
Nonmyelinated Neurons Neurons that aren't wrapped up in a Myelin Sheath, making transmission slower.
Membrane Potential The difference in electrical charge on the inside and outside of the Neurons cell membrane.
Sodium Potassium Pump A molecule embedded in the cell membrane that conducts active transport of electrical charge.
Polarization When a Neuron is in the resting state, and membrane potential is established by diffusion and active transport.
Depolarization The change in membrane potential that occurs when a nerve is stimulated.
Repolarization The reestablishment of normal resting membrane potential.
Action Potential The process of depolarization and repolarization..
Saltatory Conduction A method that allows electrical signals to travel along Axons by electrical impulses jumping along the Nodes of Ranvier without depolarization/repolarization.
Excitatory Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters that open the ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane initiating the action potential.
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters that stabilize the cell membrane channels and prevent ion transport, close the pores, decreasing the action potentials.
Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons — or from neurons to muscles or glands.
The 5 Important Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine, Gamma-aminvutyric Acid, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Epinephrine.
The 2 Neurostransmitters the Peripheral Nervous System Uses Norephrine and Acetylcholine.
The 2 Tissues the CNS is Composed of Gray matter and White matter
The 3 Layers of the Meninges 1. Pia Matter, 2. Archnoid, 3. Dura Mater
Subdural Space A space between the Archnoid/Dura Mater layers of the Meninges of the brain that is filled with fluid.
The 4 Sections of the Brain 1. Cerebrum ,2. Cerebellum, 3. Diencephalon, 4. Brain Stem.
Cerebrum Is split in two, each side called a hemisphere that control different activities. Also contains the Olfactory Lobe, which receives and processes sensory signals from the nose.
Cerebellum A sphere bundle of tissue in the brain that is attached to the brain stem and functions to maintain balance and coordination.
Diencephalon Part of the brain that acts as a passageway between the brain stem and Cerebrum and has 3 main components, the: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary Gland.
Thalamus Part of the Diencephalon, and acts as a relay station for regulating sensory impulses to the Cerebrum.
Hypothalamus Part of the Diencephalon, and acts as a bridge between the nervous system and endocrine system.
Pituitary Gland Part of the Diencephalon, and helps regulate various bodily functions by producing and releasing hormones that control other endocrine glands.
Brain Stem Forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord. It's composed of 3 anatomic areas the: Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata.
Midbrain In the brain stem, serves as a relay center for both voluntary motor info and sensory info.
Pons In the brain stem, is involved in motor control and sensory analysis. (functions in sleep, arousal, relay info, and control of autonomic functions.)
Medulla Oblongata In the brain stem, controls autonomic activities.
Spinal Cord The 2nd major component of the ventral nervous system, that's a long tapering column of nerve tissue arranged in bundles of axons.
Spinal Nerves Are part of the Spinal Cord, and are also a part of the Peripheral Nervous System.
Peripheral Nervous System Consists of 2 parts, the Spinal Nerves & Cranial Nerves, and has 2 pathways, the Sensory pathway and the Motor pathway.
The 2 Most Important Spinal Nerves Nerves in the Brachial Plexus, and the nerves in the Lumbosacral Plexus.
The 4 Nerves that Exit the Brachial Plexus Axillary Nerve, Radial Nerve, Median Nerve and Ulnar Nerve.
Lumbosacral Plexus Where the pelvic limbs get their nerve supply.
The 3 Major Nerves of the Lumbosacral Plexus 1. Femoral Nerve, 2. Obterator Nerve, 3. Ischiatic Nerve
The 12 Cranial Nerves 1. Olfactory Nerves 2. Optic Nerves 3. Oculomotor Nerve 4. Trochlear Nerve 5. Trigeminal Nerve 6. Abducent Nerve 7. Facial Nerve 8. Vestibubcochlear Nerve 9. Glossopharyngeal Nerve 10. Vagus Nerve 11. Spinal Accessory Nerve 12. Hypoglossal Nerve.
Somatic Nervous System Sends signals to skeletal muscles and is primarily used for moving the body's limbs, head, and trunk, maintaining posture and supporting the body against gravity.
Motor Nuclei In the brain; where signals are initiated to the body. Are located in the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia and Brain Stem.
Synapse The connection point of upper and lower Motor Neurons.
Upper Motor Neurons In the brain-they plan and send movement commands.
Lower Motor Neurons In the spinal cord- they send signals directly to muscles to make them contract.
The Autonomic Nervous System Controls operations that aren't under voluntary control, stimulates the fight or flight reaction, and is divided into 2 Divisions: 1. the Sympathetic Nervous System, and the 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System.
The Parasympathetic Nervous System does the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system- it helps the body rest and recover after stress.
Reflexes Involuntary motor movements initiated by sensory input and are physiologic defense mechanisms that function in both the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems. All originate from a sensory receptor.
The 11 Sensations Detected by the Body 1. touch 2. pressure 3. stretch 4. sound 5. balance 6. temperature 7. pain 8. sight 9. taste 10. smell 11. chemical levels in body
Sensory Pathways Provide info to the Central Nervous System to allow it to form an appropriate response.
Receptors Nerve endings that detect changes in sensations.
Created by: martiew
 

 



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