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AP LANG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Simple sentence | Sentence containing a subject and a verb, expreses a complete thought |
| Compound sentence | Sentence containing 2 or more independent clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) |
| Complex sentence | Sentence containing 1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses joined together by a subordinating conjunction. |
| Compound-complex sentence | Sentence containing 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses |
| Ethos | An appeal to the credibility, authority, or character of the speaker or writer |
| Pathos | An appeal to the audience's emotions, such as pity, fear, or joy |
| Logos | An appeal to logic and reason, using facts, data, and evidence |
| Diction | An author's choice of words. Which can reveal character, establish tone, and influence a reader's perception of a text. |
| Periodic sentence | A complex sentence where the main clause appears at the very end, building suspense and creating emphasis. |
| Cumulative sentence | Sentence that starts with an independent clause and then add subordinate phrases or clauses to add detail |
| Denotation | the literal, explicit, and dictionary definition of a word, stripped of any emotional associations or implied meanings |
| Connotation | the emotions, ideas, and associations a word evokes beyond its literal dictionary definition |
| Metaphor | a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things without using "like" or “as”. |
| Simile | a figure of speech that directly compares two unlike things with using “like” or “as”. |
| Personification | a literary device that gives human qualities, emotions, or actions to inanimate objects or nonhuman animals. |
| Analogy | a comparison between two things that share a similar characteristic to explain a concept in a more understandable way |
| Allusion | a brief, indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work that the author assumes the audience is familiar with |
| Paradox | a statement or situation that appears contradictory or illogical on the surface but actually contains a deeper, sometimes profound, truth upon closer examination |
| Irony | a rhetorical and literary device where there is a contradiction between appearance and reality |
| Hyperbole | an obvious and intentional exaggeration used as a figure of speech to create emphasis or a strong impression |
| Understatement | a figure of speech where something is intentionally described as less significant than it is, often for ironic, humorous, or polite effect. |
| Syntax | the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language |
| Parallel structure | the repetition of a grammatical form within a sentence, such as using the same pattern of words, phrases, or clauses to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance |
| Antithesis | a rhetorical device that places two contrasting or opposing ideas in a parallel grammatical structure to emphasize their differences |
| Tone | the author's attitude toward a subject, conveyed through word choice, sentence structure, and style |
| Candor | The quality of being open and honest in expression |
| Reverence | A profound feeling, or attitude of deep respect, or in admiration; deep respect for someone or something |
| Avarice | Extreme greed for wealth or material gain |
| Disparity | A difference in level of treatment, especially one that is seen is unfair |
| Derision | Contemptuous ridicule or mockery |
| Precipitate | Cause an event or situation typically one that is bad or undesirably to happen suddenly unexpectedly or prematurely |
| Joseph Heller | Author of Catch-22 |
| Primary source | A document first hand account or other source that constitutes direct evidence of an object of study. This includes diaries letters, original research, photographs, artifacts, speeches, and government documents. |
| Secondary source | A source that describes interprets analyzes or comments on primary sources, offering a secondhand account removed from the original event or time. This includes scholarly books, journal articles, textbooks, and encyclopedias, |
| Tertiary source | A source that summarizes and synthesizes information from original and interpretive sources. This includes almanacs and indexes that help locate other sources.. |
| Popular source | A source such as a publication like a magazine, newspaper or website written for a general audience, using accessible language to inform or entertain about current events or hobbies |
| Scholarly resource | A source that is a credible expert written publication like a journal article or academic book detailing original research or analysis intended for other specialists. |
| Authority | A speaker/writers credibility (ethos) and the persuasive technique of citing experts |
| Relevance | Showing how rhetorical choices connect to the context, using current events, history, or outside knowledge for argument, and explaining the significance of evidence |
| Accuracy | Precise diction, strong, rhetorical choices, defensible claims solid evidence/commentary, and synthesizing sources correctly in the synthesis essay |
| Bias | A speaker or writers, inclination or prejudice toward a particular perspective, often resulting in an unfair or subjective viewpoint |
| Verbal irony | A literary device where someone says the opposite of what they truly mean, creating a contrast between the literal words and the intended meaning |
| Situational irony | When the actual outcome of a situation is starkly different from what was expected, creating a surprising twist for both characters and the audience |
| Dramatic irony | A literary device, where the audience or reader nose, crucial information that the characters in the story are unaware of creating tension, suspense, and sometimes humor |
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