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ANTH 103
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where was Homo floresiensis from | Indonesia |
| Who is associated with Laetoli footprints and where were they | Australopithecus Afarensis in Tanzania |
| Oldest stone tool technology and where were they found | Olduwan Lomekwi 3 |
| Who found the Javaman | Eugene Dubois |
| Uniformitarianism - Charles Lyell | Transformed the way we perceived the development of the earth. Hand in hand with evolution. |
| Principle of Superposition | Youngest material on top, oldest at the bottom. |
| Principle of Association | All artefacts found together belong together. |
| Principle of Strata Identified by Fossils/Artefacts or Index Fossil | Excavation, identifying certain layers. Read like a road map, history of formation. |
| Stratigraphy | Layers, older below, newer on top. |
| Unilinear Cultural Evolution (Who?) | Morgan - 1877 |
| Unilinear Cultural Evolution (Definition) | Savagery --> Barbarism --> Civilisation |
| Diffusion | All societies are in the same place sharing ideas. |
| Problems with C14 Dating: | All radiometric dating comes with "Error Bars" due to ability to detect isotopes and calibrate to calendar years. |
| Dendrochronology | Scientific method of tree-ring dating. Relies on matching patterns of thickness of rings. |
| Culture "Process" (Helping or hindering progression) | Louis Binford |
| Archeology | the study of the human past through material remains |
| Cultural Historical approach | Look at origins and change over time of different cultures, understanding rather than taking |
| Typology | The systematic organization of artifacts into types on the basis of shared attributes |
| Three Age System | Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Christian Thomsen, acknwledges change over time in material cultures |
| Archaeological cultures | defined in places and times by list of traits, classification |
| Flinders Petrie | seriation (placing artifacts in the same culture within chronological order), compared tomb objects in Egypt |
| unilineal cultural evolution | all cultures naturally evolve through the same sequence of stages from simple to complex at different times (Social Darwinism), doesn't explain change |
| Subsurface mapping | geophysical (geomagnetic, geoelectrical ,electromagnetic) and geochemical |
| relative dating | determining age with reference to other deposits, events or styles |
| Charles Robert Darwin | Origin of species (1859), the descent of man (1871), theory of natural selection |
| Charles Lyell | same geological processes of today also occurred in the past |
| Thomas Robert Malthus | principal or population growth - as pop increases land can't support it causing events resulting in stabilization, capacity can be increased with technological advances |
| Alfred Russel Wallace | British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural selection similar to Darwin's, published paper together in 1858 |
| John Frere | found lower paleolithic stone tool in association with bones of extinct animals in Suffolk |
| Reverend William Buckland | found 'Red Lady' in South Wales, ocher covered burial |
| Jacques Boucher de Perthes | found hand axes and extinct fauna in the Somme, validity proved by Josh Evans and Joseph Prestwich |
| Carbon dating | Organic material up to 50,000 years, easily contaminated, can be effected by built in age |
| DNA | Watson and Crick 1953, genetically inherited information, mitochondrial DNA shows mitochondrial eve in Africa |
| Primatology | study of primates |
| Dian Fossey | studied gorillas (western and eastern) in Rwanda from 1966, troops with dominant males, females migrate, most violence between troops rather than within |
| Birute Galdikas | studied orangutans in Borneo from 1971, semi-solidarity, more arboreal |
| Jane Goodall | studied chimps in Africa from 1957, use tools, eat meat, hunt in groups, show affection, systematic warfare and other human qualities |
| Hominin | humans and humanlike ancestors |
| Australopithecus afarensis | 3.9-2.9 mya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, 350-550 cc, large sexual dimorphism ( males 150cm 42kg, females 105 cm 29 kg), grass and woodland, prognathic face |
| Dikika, Ethiopia | 3.4 mya, first evidence of stone tools |
| Homo habilis | 1.8-1.4 mya, East Africa, long forearms, parabolic dental arch, 800cc |
| Homo rudolfensis | 1.9-1.8 mya, Kenya, 750cc, herbivore, potentially homo habilis |
| Oldowan stone tools | first found in Oldowan gorge, Tanzania, homo habilis, simple core and flake technology, hammer stones for accessing bone marrow, flakes for cutting and scarping, 2.5-1.5 mya |
| Homo ergaster | 1.9-1.4 mya, modern body proportions, barrel chest, long low brain case (880cc), projecting nose |
| Achulean Tools | 176 mya - 250 kya, bi-facially flaked hand axes, not found past the movius line |
| Homo erectus | first to use fire, modern post crania and dentition, long low brain case (850-1250cc) |
| Homo neanderthalensis | short, stocky, long nose, cared for disabled and elderly, ability to use language, controlled fire use, lived in shelters and made clothing, used physically engaging hunting techniques, buried dead |
| Mousterian tools | Levallois technique - 3 preparation steps, indicates abstract thoughts |
| Denisovans | found in cave in Russia, 30-50kya, middle upper paleolithic and upper Paleolithic stone tools |
| Homo sapiens | 1130cc, evolved in Africa, 500-700 kya, |
| What is primatology? | study both living and extinct primates in natural habitats |
| what were Jane's discoveries? | she discovered that chimpanzees make tools, eat and hunt for meat, and have similar social behaviour to humans |
| What was the environment like in the miocene? | the earth was going through major cooling/dry phase, savannah grasslands, lead to emersion of bipedalism. |
| the oldest ancestor ground ape? | ardipithecus kadabba, 5.8 to 2.8 mya. |
| Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) (when and where did she live?) | 60% found - hadar, ethiopia - 3.2 mya |
| where were the 70 footprints found in volcanic ash dated 3.6 mya | Laetoli, Tanzania |
| evidence of possible earliest stone tool use (when, where and what was found?) | Dikika, ethiopia, 3.4mya 2 bones with cut marks. |
| why is meat eating important? | suggest increase in brain size because demanding energy |
| Gracile vs. Robust (cranial and post-cranial) | gracile = had smaller cheek teeth, pronounced prognathism, less flared cheeks, and no sagittal crest - robust = had enormous cheek teeth, robust jaws and massive jaw muscles, sometimes anchored to bony crest running along top of skull. |
| What happened to Australopithecines? | some species became extinct over time, one species gave rise to earliest homo species |
| controversy between habilis and rudolfensis | - that they potentially might be the same species - teeth suggests habilis being omnivore and rudolf being herbivore. - habilis and rudolfensis might not be directly related to us but cousins |
| What does the gradualism model suggest? | species descended from common ancestor gradually diverge more and more in their morphology as they require unique adaptations. |
| punctuated equilibrium model | new species changes most as it buds from a parent species and then changes little for the rest of its existence. (opposing Darwin's idea of evolution) |
| Where were the first oldowan stone tools found? Who used them and how long ago? | olduvai gorge, Tanzania. assumed to belong to habilis as fossils found in the same deposits hence handy man. 2.5 mya |
| What was the oldowan stone tool used for? | - hammerstone for breaking open marrow bones - flakes for cutting skin, tendons, scarping wood - oldowan sites usually have animal bones with cut marks or smashed up |
| Expensive Tissue Hypothesis | the metabolic requirement of large brains is offset by corresponding reduction of the other tissues like gut size. |
| Acheulean technology (when was it used?, and why) | - 1.76 mya to 250,000 ya - handaxes - bifacially flaked from two sides to produce symmetrical tools - requires more skill and being able to imagine what they should look like |
| Theories to explain the existence of Movius Line include idea that perhaps ancestors of toolmakers who settled in eastern Asia left Africa before the handaxe was developed. | |
| Peking Man (what species?, when did it live?, where was it found?) | - homo erectus skeleton - 1.7 million years old - Found in Northern China near Beijing - shows people settled there more than 500,000 years ago. |
| Zhoukoudian (first of what species was found here?, brain size, cranial characteristics) | - cave system in Beijing, China. Discoveries made, including one of first specimens of Homo erectus, dubbed Peking Man. - crania found = ave. brain size 1000cc (brain bigger, no longer prognathic face, flat face, projecting nose, but no chin |
| First hominin to use fire? | homo erectus (or homo heidelbergensis) |
| multiregional hypothesis | hypothesis that modern humans originated through process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world |
| Out of Africa Hypothesis | The hypothesis that modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved in Africa and spread to other continents, replacing other Homo species without interbreeding with them. |
| characteristics of florensis (brain size, cranial and post-cranial) | - 380-420 cc - long, low braincase - no chin - long arms - flared pelvis |
| Gran dolina faunal remains, spain - what did this site show evidence of? | evidence of butchery and cannibalism. |
| Sima de los Huesos, Spain - when did this site get dated back to? and what species showed transition here? | 600 - 400 kya - key transition site between heidelbergensis and neanderthalensis |
| H. neanderthalensis (when did they live? and site where species found?) | neander valley, germany - 130 - 40 kya |
| characteristics of neanderthalensis (what type of environment were they adapted to and what enabled them?) | - adapted to cold environments so short and stocky - large nose: humidify, warm cold and dry air - large brains almost same size as sapiens ~1400cc |
| la chapele-aux-saints, france (date of site, what kind of burial was it, cranial evidence obtained) | |
| what were neanderthals like? (in terms of daily life: tools, what they wore and ate etc.) | - had sophisticated tools - use language at some point - controlled fire- lived in shelter - made and wore clothing - hunted large animals - also ate plants- buried dead- looked after sick and injured - use wood |
| Mousterian Technology (what kind of technique used and what species was it associated with?) | - stone tool technology that used the Levallois technique to produce a variety of specialized flake tools - associated with neanderthals |
| Levallois technique | chipping of rock to give rough shape and then another step to be done to get actual shape |
| Neanderthal hunting techniques | |
| Shanidar Cave, Iraq (what kind of burial was this (lead to controversies)?) | The site that yielded Neanderthal skeletons where the remains seemed to suggest that Neanderthals had funeral ceremonies, buried their dead with flowers, and took care of injured individuals |
| Malaga, spain art (when was it dated back to?, did neanderthals come into contact w/ humans?) | - 43,500 - 42,300 - may have come into contact with modern humans because paintings found to be dated towards end of neanderthals. |
| Last Glacial Maximum (how long ago did it happen?, whats its relation to neanderthals?) | - 22 - 19 kya - neanderthals might have gone extinct dye to ice age because temperature change due to climate change but controversial because they were adapted to better suit environments like this |
| Denisova Cave, Russia (New species found with another species, when was it dated back to?, any tools found if yes then what?) | - Denisovans - 50-30 kya - at the cave mix of upper and middle palaeolithic stone tools - cave inhabited by both neanderthals and Denisovans |
| Who were the Denisovans? | cousins of neanderthals and heidelbergensis |
| Homo sapiens (first to do what? and brain size) | - wise man - first hominin to obtain global distribution - 1300-1400 cc |
| Mitochondrial Eve (in terms of dna and possible problem w/ the theory) | - mitochondrial DNA, the unique genetic code that is passed down from female to female. - problem with this theory is that it shows that we all evolve from one spot. |
| African Mutliregionalism | this argues that theres a really long time period of human evolution in africa. Since there are groups living around africa, its the contstant intertwining which ends up creating similarity in genetics that we have today. |
| H. naledi (where and when site dated back to (hard to get to site), brain size (doesnt match time), cranial and post-cranial features) | - rising star cave, south africa, - 335-236 kya - 450-600 cc (size of brain does not match with the time period it was found in) |
| Is behaviour to make stone tools considered behavioural modernity | No |
| Is Homo Heidelbergensis considered to be associated with contemporary modern humans | No |
| the savanna hypothesis | bipedalism was associated with drier habitat and spread of grasslands |
| early hominins begin to appear in a period of... | - major environmental changes - decreasing temperatures - climatic functions - changes in habitat |
| - show obligate bipedalism - smaller brains - tool use evidence - meat consumption | |
| Why bipedalism | - less energy used than on all fours - able to carry items better |
| When did hominins appear in African landscapes | 2.5 - 4 mya |
| homo habilis 'Handy Human' | - 1.9 - 1.4 mya - possibly the maker of stone tools |
| homo rudolfensis and homo habilis connection | Similar enough to Homo habilis that some people regard them as the same |
| when did homo ergaster move out of Africa | around 1.75mya |
| when did early humans in East Africa start to make simple stone tools | 2.5mya - likely sticks and unmodified stones prior to this |
| What is Acheulean technology? | - 1.76mya - 250,000 mya - handaxes - bifacially flaked (symmetrical) - sharper and hold cutting edge longer |
| consuming more meat increases brain size | |
| first homo species to occupy permanently in europe | Homo Heidelbergensis |
| first evidence of wooden tool use | - Germany, 320kya |
| - 8 wooden spears with 10 butchered horses | |
| oldest known wooden artefacts belong to what species | homo heidelbergensis |
| When do homo sapiens first appear in Africa | 250kya |
| Anatomically modern humans first appear | 300 - 200kya years ago |
| When was homo sapiens main migration out of africa | 50-70kya |
| how do neanderthals differ from Homo Sapiens | - skull shape |
| - prominent brow ridges | |
| - robust and shorter | |
| Shanidar cave shows... | - flower burial of neanderthals |
| - shows deliberate human burial | |
| homo florensis significance | - very small |
| - from indonesia | |
| Modern behaviour recognised by | - Creative and innovative culture |
| - language | |
| - art | |
| - religious beliefs | |
| - complex technologies | |
| - use of symbols | |
| - personal ornaments and art | |
| What was the only species to reach Sahul | Homo Sapiens |
| How did Homo Sapiens get to Sahul | - via water |
| - indicating complex sailing or rafts | |
| Firestick farming purposes | - aids hunting |
| - encourages plant growth and regeneration | |
| - decreases chance of bush fires | |
| Gravettian | - less mobility |
| - sophisticated technology | |
| - more efficient stone blade technology | |
| Gravettian technology | - prismatic blades |
| - long linear | |
| - punch blade technology | |
| solutrean | - 21-17kya |
| - finest manufactured stone tools | |
| - spear points leaf shaped | |
| magdelanian | - 17kya |
| - population explosion | |
| - highest point in stone tool-making technology | |
| clovis distribution | - 13kya |
| - stone tools scattered across americas | |
| Where is some of the earliest evidence of independent agriculture found | Near East and Mesopotamia |
| When did farming villages first appear in near east | 8500 BP |
| What site showed year-round occupation | Ohalo II |
| is catal huyuk defined by ritual structures | yes |
| what artifact is associated with the Neolithic revolution | Pottery |
| Sumerian cuneiform records show what type of content | Accounting records |
| What was hassuna | Early farming village |
| European domesticates are mainly... | non-indigenous to Europe |
| The pleistocene | - glaciers across continents |
| - megafauna | |
| What is required for specialist production | a food surplus from agriculture |
| - more stratified society | |
| When did first farming villages appear in the near east | 8500 BP |
| What is thought to be ancestral to clovis settlers | Solutrean |
| Where were European cattle introduced from | Western Asia |
| The site monte verde in Chile has been argued to represent what hypothesis | Coastal migration hypothesis |
| Where was the LBK Culture | Hungarian Plains |
| Did Upper Paleolithic have grindstones | No - because grinding stones associated with agriculture |
| Ohalo II shows evidence of... | Early sedentism and year-round occupation |
| Earliest venus figurines were from | Aurignacian |
| What is not found at Natufian sites | Pottery |
| When was Neolithic | Around 10,000 years ago, when the glaciers melted |
| What was Catal Huyuk status | Egaltarian, non-hierarchical |
| Jericho significance | Large tower for defence, flooding, ceremonial purposes, early farming villages |
| When did the first farming communities appear in Europe | Around 8500 BP |
| Models of culture change | - Diffusion and migration |
| - Independent innovation | |
| - Borrowing | |
| Where does a lot of European domesticates come from | Near East - fertile crescent |
| Argument for diffusion and migration | Farming peoples migrated out of the Near East and spread westward through Europe taking agriculture with them |
| Argument for independent innovation | The peoples of Europe domesticated their own plants and animals |
| When was the opium poppy domesticated | 7000 BP |
| Arguments for borrowing | European hunter gatherers adopted farming by borrowing ideas and domesticated plants and animals from farming communities |
| Where were the earliest farming communities in Europe | Balkan and Bogucki |
| What is the best documented early farming cultural traditions known in Europe | The Linear Pottery Culture - LBK |
| Where did the LBK originate | Hungarian Plains (Danube Valley) |
| Why did the LBK focus on cattle | produces milk cheese, hides |
| LBK Culture longhouse significance | - very big |
| - evidence of single and extended families, fit cattle in storage too | |
| - wooden short lived buildings (people may have moved to next fertile area) - besides riversides - standardisation | |
| LBK significant feature | Talheim Death pit - mass grave located in Germany |
| What does the Talheim Death Pit show | evidence of cranial injury therefore, violence in early Neolithic European life |
| What is a megalith and when do they come about | Large stone that represents a monument - 6000 BP |
| What are megalithic passage graves | first thought to be burial places now thought to have different purposes like astronomical alignments |
| Megalithic long barrows significance | associated with burial of the dead, chambers with blocking stones indicate organisation and space |
| When was Natufian | in Upper palelolithic approx 13kya to 10kya |
| What was before the Neolithic | Paleolithic 2.5mya to 10kya |
| Jarmo significance | Associated with Hilly Flanks hypothesis |
| Natufian significance | Upper paleolithic, evidence of sedentism, some evidence of wild crop cultivation, no agriculture or domestication |
| Cayonu significance | Dense architecture, earliest evidence of pig domestication |
| Khirokitia significance | Circular dome structures |
| Where is Catal Huyuk | Anatolia - Turkey |
| Specialised design of Catal Huyuk houses features | - wall to wall buildings (no streets) |
| - access through roof | |
| - sectioned area of house for different purposes | |
| - sacred area | |
| - division between mundane and utilitarian | |
| - shrine room in some houses | |
| - Bear symbols important | |
| what are Catal Huyuk history houses | multifunctional, evidence of high numbers of burials (upto 60), not one family buried there may have been neighbours, |
| Catal Huyuk artefacts | - personal ornaments being traded |
| - flint and obsidian knives (shows craft specialisation) | |
| - art work e.g. venus figurines | |
| Catal Huyuk significance | - Tell site |
| - People lived there for at least 1000 years | |
| - arid environment/good for preservation | |
| - standardised house designs | |
| - densely compact living arrangements | |
| - shrine rooms | |
| - history houses | |
| Tell site defined | Big mounds accumulated through people living there for generations - destroying and building on top |
| Why and when did Catal Huyuk disappear | - 6500kya |
| - if you don't have hierarchy and an organised community it leads to downfall | |
| - argued that catal huyuk needed hierarchy and central organisation | |
| - theory kin based society led to downfall | |
| what are early farming villages characterised by | - standardised domestic and ritual structures |
| - socially egalitarian | |
| - spiritual symbolism and art | |
| - autonomous villages and little evidence of warfare and political expansion | |
| what was the neolithic revolution | The change from hunting and food gathering to farming, proposed by Gordon Childe |
| Band features | - hunters and gatherers, |
| - low population, | |
| - egalitarian | |
| - kinship-based organisation | |
| Tribe features | - cultivation |
| - nomadic pastoralists | |
| - communities autonomous with kinship ties to other groups | |
| Chiefdom features | - large villages |
| - greater degree of ranking | |
| - formal recognition of power/authority | |
| - hereditary chiefs | |
| Early state features | - divisions of power |
| - urbanism (towns and cities) | |
| - very hierarchical | |
| - bigger population | |
| hunter gather settlement features | - mobility |
| - temporary structures | |
| - little long-term investment in place | |
| agricultural settlement features | - sedentary |
| - permanent structures | |
| - investment in place (cemeteries example of this) | |
| consequences of sedentism | - allows greater investment in technology (artefacts and architecture) |
| - demographically less strain on populations | |
| - time and resources to pursue complex social practices | |
| indirect evidence for agriculture | - structural remains |
| - tool types (for harvesting and planting) | |
| - landscape change (modifications) | |
| - faunal remains in midden | |
| beidha, Jordan showed evidence of what | 7200BC clustered living |
| neolithic tools | - heavier and larger |
| - grinding stones (for processing cereal grains) | |
| - pottery for storage, transportation, cooking | |
| - ground stone tools: axes, adzes | |
| - personal ornaments for marking status | |
| what was found in child gave ion Ba'ja, Jordan | 9000 year old necklace, perhaps high position in society |
| agricultural landscape changes list | - deforestation - burning - sedimentation |
| how is agriculture recognised through grains | - domestic wheat grains structurally different to wild - domestic hardier and survive better |
| what site is a good example of Oasis theory | Jericho |
| Jericho's relation to water | was not near a river system but near a Oasis |
| Explain Oasis Theory | - After the last Ice age the climate warms |
| - people began to be more congregate near water were they interact with the plants and animals there | |
| - humans start to exercise control other these plants and animals | |
| storage pits use | indicates agriculture and sedentism, stores preserved meat, vegetation, grains in house floors |
| where is Jarmo located | Hilly Flanks of the Zagros Mountains |
| Where is Cayonu | located by Tigris River in upper Mesopotamia into Anatolia |
| features of Cayonu | - larger houses and permanent construction |
| - luxury elements as tiles on the floors | |
| - first recorded use of copper | |
| - 'grill pan' foundations (ventilation system in housing, elevated keep drier) | |
| what is the earliest site in cyprus | Khirokitia |
| Where is Jericho located | Jordan Valley |
| khirokitia artefacts | - large grinding stones laid over dead |
| - stone bowls | |
| - food preparation tools | |
| - hunting and fishing tools | |
| - domestic manufacturing tools | |
| - ornaments | |
| four activities of food production | - propagation (planting seeds, breeding animals) |
| - husbandry (looking after the plants or animals while they grow) | |
| - Harvesting (gathering the ripe plant material, killing the animals) | |
| - storage (putting aside surplus for next cycle) | |
| changes domestic plants and animals have undergone | - morphological - genetic - both as a result of human selection |
| What was the younger Dryas | Cold snap where climate change occurs in 1 or 2 generations rapidly |
| plant domestication involves | replanting the successful plants, over generations changes plant populations from wild to domestic |
| what is the diffusion hypothesis | the fertile crescent was the central point of agriculture and it spread to other regions - agriculture originated from one area |
| what was the fertile crescent | very rich area from the Nile to Mesopotamia where agriculture was said to begin in the Near East |
| when does agriculture emerge | 10,000 BP |
| when was the Holocene | 10,000 years ago |
| good example of hunter-gatherers | Kalahari bushmen and indigenous Australians |
| effects of domestication on animals | - docile - body size decreases |
| effect on domestication on plants | - increase in size and abundance - size and shape of cereal heads change |
| what is biggest crop in New Guinea | - sago - supports larger sedentary populations but is not agriculture |
| when did dogs definitely domesticate | by 14kya but may be earlier |
| explain Hilly Flanks hypothesis | theory that agriculture developed on the Hilly Flanks not on the fertile crescent, pre-domesticates lived there with sufficient rainfall for crops to grow |
| explain marginal zone theory | - end of the Pleistocene rich resource zones opened up - caused population growth - humans forced to move there and modify environments and introduce pre domestic plants and animals |
| difference between wild and domestic cereals | - wild dehiscent the stalk is soft and seeds drop easily |
| - domestic indehiscent hold onto their seeds and only release them when harvested | |
| - domestic simultaneous germination seeds sprouting all the time | |
| explain co-evolution theory by Rhindos | humans unintentionally promoted plant domestication and plants selected humans as their main propagation |
| corn domestication significance | - domesticated in Mexico - probably evolved out of a grass teosinte |
| when was the Younger Dryas | 10,800 - 9,600 BC |
| environmental changes at the end of the Pleistocence | - warmer temperatures |
| - retreat ice sheets | |
| - retreat vast artic tundras | |
| - wetter conditions | |
| - extinctions of mega-fauna | |
| - new environmental zones | |
| - fertile hunting ground | |
| human changes at the end of the Pleistocene | - expansion into new zones |
| - more diverse and complex hunting and gathering communities | |
| - population growth | |
| - new smaller hunting prey | |
| - new tool types | |
| - more specialisation | |
| where is the Levant | geographical area in eastern-mediterranean |
| Fertile Crescent location and features | from upper-Egypt to Southern Turkey into Iran - important rivers in it The Nile, The Tigris, the Euphrates |
| what rivers are in mesopotamia | Tigris and Euphrates |
| when was the epipaleolithic period | 23,000 - 9,7000 BP |
| kebara cave features | - 23,000 - 17,000 BP - early signs towards sedentism and plant cultivation - highly specialised stone tools |
| kebaran culture features | - tools for hunting and harvesting wild cereals |
| - silica sheen on tools indicating cutting grasses | |
| - specialised hunting shifting from large to smaller game | |
| - cereal foods and direct evidence of barley use | |
| Ohalo II date and feature | - 20,000 BC |
| - transitionary site leading to the Natufians | |
| - oval brushwood huts and hearths outside of huts | |
| - evidence of early sedentism and year-round occupation | |
| - grinding stones but no pottery | |
| Natufian culture dates and features | - 13,500 - 9,500 BC |
| - transitionary site into Neolithic | |
| - evidence transition from SEDENTARY to MOBILE = didn't go from mobile hunter-gathers to settlement and farming, more complex | |
| - final phase of the epipaleolithic | |
| - unique chipped stone industry | |
| - abundance of bone remains | |
| - increase in ground stone artefacts | |
| - long distance exchange | |
| - no pottery as pottery not invented | |
| difference between early natufian and late natufian | - early natufian warmer and wetter, more sedentary - late natufian colder and drier, more mobile |
| where was the earliest evidence for Shaman burials | - Hilazon Tachtit |
| - 12,00 years old | |
| - disabled women buried with ornaments | |
| 'Ain Mallaha site features | - Early Natufian |
| - stone structures implying people settled | |
| - burial of person with dog (dogs are verge on domestication) | |
| evidence of Natufian sedentism | - fauna and flora |
| - gazelles indicate year-round | |
| - density of flint arefacts | |
| - rebuilding architecture | |
| - first commensal animals (rats, mice etc.) - formal cemetaries | |
| explanation for Natufians returning to mobility from sedentism | Younger Dryas may have forced them to adapt |
| Redman- 1,2,3 examples | Jericho, Jarmo, Cayonu, Natufin |
| Redman- 3,4 example | Catahoyuk |
| Southern Dispersal Route (moving of humans from africa) | argued that modern human exploited coastal resources to rapidly move through out of africa into sahul - familiarity with resources. |
| when did humans first colonise sahul? (when and what site were artefacts found around same time?) | ~50,000 years ago but could be from 50-65kya - Madjedbebe site the artifacts dated 83kya but site dated to 65kya. |
| Earlier finds of modern human burials (2 lakes) | willandra lakes 3 lake mungo 3 mungo man 38-42 kya, decorated with red ochre |
| Firestick Farming | A manipulation of their environment by the Paleolithic peoples of Australia that involved controlled burns to clear underbrush. - aid hunting - aid movement |
| subsistence: near oceania (when did the enriching of new species in environment happen?) | 20,000 BP introduction of new species enriching the environment |
| long distance exchange (what kind of material exchanged between 2 islands and how many years ago?) | obsidian form west new britain moves to new ireland at 20,000 years BP |
| Ivane Valley (what is the environment like?) | high mountain ranges, high altitude environment, cold and clouded. |
| pandanus (plant in relation to what its high in and can it be stored?)) | high in oil, protein. capable of being stored long term. |
| subsistence: plants (how was the environment manipulated?) | - early food plant promotion and small-scale forest management |
| - heavy blunt waisted axes for smashing down undergrowth in situation where might encourage tree crops like sago and pandanus | |
| - once rainforest canopy cleared aerial yams, local bananas and taro colonise | |
| When did the first modern humans come to Asia and the Pacific? | 55-50,000 years ago |
| Aurignacian material culture: lithics (technology and level of sophistication) | carinated or nosed end scraper, blade technology, sophisticated technology flexible/generalized. |
| Aurignacian material culture: organics (in terms of tools and how neanderthals adapted to cold) | possible evidence of tailored clothing. As neanderthals morphologically adapted to cold, humans adapted in a way enabled modern humans to survive harsh conditions like making clothes. - split points, beveled, tool, perforated batons - awls and pins |
| Aurignacian material culture: ornaments (what was their jewellery made of?) | animal teeth used in jewellery. pieces of engraved pieces of bones. |
| Aurignacian material culture: figurines | portable art figurines beginning in europe. |
| Aurignacian material culture: cave art (site name, earliest evidence of art w/ what?, art and hunting?) | chauvet cave, France possibly earliest evidence of arts with charcoal. hunting magic, where they draw animals that they're going to hunt (wish best for hunt) |
| Gravettian (when did it date back to and what did it develop out of?) | 29,000-21,000 years ago developed out of Aurignacian (indigenous european) |
| site of La gravette, france (what did the species living in this place show evidence of?) | evidence of people living in one spot for more than half a year. semi-sedentism. |
| Gravettian material culture (what kind of tools used and what they were used for?) | blades and burins (used for cutting wood, bone, antler, skin) |
| Dolnà Věstonice (what were the bones of hunted animals used for? what evidence of art and textiles was there?) | - large amounts of mammoth, reindeer, and bison present. - hunting tools. - large scale hunting camp - bones from mammoths might have been used for settlement structure - evidence of art: venus figurines, carvings, and ritual activity in form of burial pr |
| gravettian lifeways (living lifestyle, what they hunted to eat?, what kind of art did they have?, did they have rituals or not?) | - large hunting camps - occupied for months at a time - generalised subsistence economies: mammoth, reindeer, range of fish, plants use-wild oats - art: textiles, basketry, clay and ivory figurines, personal jewellery, cave art - elaborate death rituals. |
| Solutrean (when did they date back to?, where were they found (3 places)? what did they look like?) | - 21-17 kya - only found in france, spain, and portugal - pressure flaked projectiles and 'leaf' points |
| Magdalenian (when did they date back to?, where were they established(3)?, was it pre- or post-LGM?) | - 18kya - post last glacial maximum climate better - still cold: reindeer, bison, red deer, fish - magdalenian established from spain to russia and britain. |
| Magdalenian Technology (what kind of tools were used?, level of sophistication?) | - long distance circulation of lithics - high quality of sophistication of tools (organics and stone) - standardisation of tools: arrowheads and points - spear throwers |
| Magdalenian settlements (where was it found? what were the settlements made of?, permanent or not?) | - mezhirich, ukraine - semi-permanent dwellings made from mammoth bones - large sites - may have been occupied for months (semi-sedentism) |
| Magdalenian art, trade, and ritual | - social networks expanding-trade in wealth items (marine shells, ornaments) - burials (incl. secondary burials) - portable art/ornaments/figures/engravings/notated bones - expansion of cave art - highly decorative |
| Venus figurines (when did they date back to?, what were they for?, what culture were they part of?) | - 26-21,000 years ago - gravettian culture - widespread - enigmatic female figurines with exaggerated body proportions (pregnant, breastfeeding) - maybe used for cause and effect magic |
| Clovis First (which country did they inhabit firs?, how did they get to that country? when was this inhabitation of country occur?) | a theory that the first people to inhabit North America was the Clovis culture, and they came via the Beringia land bridge - 12,900-11,000 BP (had to occur prior to 10,500BP as after beringia submerged) |
| Clovis Tradition (what culture was found across continent clovis points?) | first and only pan-american culture - found across continent clovis points - fluted points |
| what is a problematic site for the clovis first? (when did it date back to and why is it problematic?) | monte verde, chile (15,000 BP) |
| oldest direct evidence of humans: DNA (where was it found?, what was the dna found in? when did it date back to?) | - Paisley Caves, Oregon, USA |
| theories of settlement: pacific coast (what hypothesis relates to this? what does it explain in terms of early sites?) | - coastal migration hypothesis (aka kelp highway) - explain locations of early sites - avoids glaciers |
| theories of settlement: atlantic coast (what solution? where are some early C14 dates found (country)? | - solutrean solution - no clear forerunner to clovis tech in asia - some early C14 dates in eastern north america (meadowcroft rockshelter) |
| current models for early paleoindian period (did they asians occupy america? if yes then when? what route led them to america?) | people from asia first occupied americas sometime before 14,300 BP (meadowcroft rockshelter in pennyslvania) |
| when was pottery invented (BP)? | 10,000 BP |
| coastal plains (new environmental zones) (with access to coastal plains what could they get to?) | access to: - coastal forests - open beaches - swamps and shallow lakes |
| open woodlands (new environmental zones) (what did they have access to w/ open woodlands?) | access to forest resources incl. nuts and small game animals |
| Levant (what region is it? what countries are in that region?) | The eastern Mediterranean region like turkey, cyprus, lebanon, israel, jordan |
| What is the Fertile Crescent? | A large arc of rich, or fertile, farmland |
| epipalaeolithic period (what was it the end of and beginning of?) | transitional period between end of flaked stone into neolithic cultures |
| Kebara Cave (what culture?, when was it dated back to? what does site say about the settlement?) | - kebaran culture |
| - 23,000-17,000 BP or 21,000-15,000 BC | |
| - demonstrates diversification away from european paleolithic | |
| - highly specialised tools | |
| - caves and small semi-sedentary cluster of huts | |
| - hunter of smaller game-especially pre-domesticates | |
| Kebaran Culture (what tools used? what were the tools used for? what evidence found to show what they hunted/harvested?) | - tools (microliths-small stone, composite tools-multiple stone put into same haft) |
| - standardised | |
| - tools for hunting and harvesting wild cereals | |
| - silica sheen (shine given after harvesting silica rich plants)-barley | |
| Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Northern Israel (what kind of huts were found?, evidence of any sort of harvesting material?, what did this mean about occupation?) | - 6 oval brushwood huts & 6 hearths |
| - >100 species of wild grasses, cereals, legumes, incl. wheat | |
| - grinding stones (w/ barley, wheat, oats - all wild) - evidence for year round occupation | |
| Early Natufian (were they sedentary or not?, if yes then what was the evidence?, when did they date back to?) | associated with warmer/wetter period |
| - more sedentary | |
| - shown by houses w/ hearths and storage bins 13,500 - 10,800 BC | |
| - early natufian transitioning and starting to become more sedentary | |
| Late Natufian (what kind of climate?, when did they date back to?, mobile or not?) | colder and drier climate - more mobile 10,800 - 9500 BC |
| Natufians (what were found at their sites which differentiated them from everyone, in terms of remains, artefacts etc.?) | marked by: |
| - unique chipped stone industry | |
| - durable architectural remains | |
| - abundance of bone implements | |
| - inc. ground stone artefacts | |
| - reflecting inc. in harvesting, storing, processing seeds | |
| - 1st appearance of numerous art objects, more in burials - long distance exchange | |
| - occurrence of regular cemeteries | |
| - no pottery; this is still era before pottery was invented | |
| Natufian artefacts (what kind of stone tools used?, what were bones used for?, there was evidence of exchange, what was exchanged and from where (3)?) | - stone tool tech: sickle blades, picks, axes, ground stone tools |
| - bone: functional tools for weaving and hide-working; novel use of grinding bone for beads | |
| - other items like obsidian, greenstone, marine shell, bought from outside area (anatolia; syria; jordan) | |
| Natufian burials (was there only one way for burying or multiple?, where were the burials located?, were there any grave goods?) | not one way people buried, common burials associated with villages, some burials within house, expensive grave goods |
| earliest evidence for shaman burial (site, when did it date back to?, what was found in burial?) | - Site: Hilazon Tachtit |
| - 12,000 years old | |
| - disabled women buried with wing of golden eagle, pelvis of leopard, severed foot of human, blackened tortoise shells | |
| - other evidence for feasting incl. aurochs and gazelle | |
| Natufian Subsistence (stone tools used?, did they hunt or harvest?) | - hunting and gathering in accordance w/ environment around site |
| - stone tools often used as evidence for subsistence: sickles show sickle gloss important in later in neolithic; invention of harif point, an arrowhead hunting in late natufian. | |
| Ain Mallaha (what natufian was it related to?, what kind of burial was found?, sizing of village and what was found in the houses that referred to their type of settlement?) | - early natufian |
| - burial of person w/ dog (dogs probably not domesticated at this time or verge of domestication) | |
| - 50 houses (200-300 people) located on hillside above spring | |
| - circular, semi-subterranean (stone buried into ground and covered), hearths, storage bins, burials | |
| uncut limestone architecture (what kind of houses?, graves or not) | dwellings - semi-subterranean round houses, some paves, some well built hearths & bins, 3 strata indicating long-term use built graves paved or lime-washed pits sometimes interpreted as storage pits |
| How sedentary were the Natufians? (what evidence obtained to suggest how sedentary they were in terms of animals and plants?) | fauna and flora suggest partially sedentary - migrating birds suggest 10 month occupation - gazelles indicate year round (gazelle teeth indicate hunting by inhabitants of natufian base hamlets took place winter & summer) - seasonal plants |
| Natufian - density of flint stones (natufians were conservative what did this indicate?) | - natufians more conservative indicating less access to raw materials - gradation from high density of cores found on more permanent sites (coast, forest) as compared with temporary desert sites |
| What showed that natufians were rebuilding the structures? and what did this mean? | argued rebuilding in same position as earlier structures means consistent knowledge of location and use of structures on site |
| development of what animals suggested settlement of natufians? | house rat, mouse, and sparrow show up at sites (development of these animals suggests settlement) - first commensal animals |
| Natufian and formal cemeteries (what showed this?) | markers of link to specific location (multiple people being buried in these places, claiming ownership) |
| Why did Natufians give up mobility before the adoption of agriculture? (3 reasons) | 1. climate good, people settle down after 12,500 BC (early natufian) 2. climate worse - colder and dryer (10,800-9,600 BC), continued settled life and tried different coping strategies 3. success in agriculture, one way transition to neolithic |
| propagation | planting seeds and breeding animals |
| husbandry | looking after plants or animals while they grow |
| harvesting | gathering ripe plant material, killing the animals |
| domestication | process by which plants and animals became part of human food production systems. creation of artificial ecosystems that support agriculture. |
| Diffusion hypothesis (This proposed that civilization spread from one culture to another, because humans are basically conservative and lack inventiveness) - the fertile crescent [grains and where they were found] | mesoamerica: corn, squash, tomato, manioc, sweet potato, turkey near east: wheat, barley, oats, lentil, pea, bean, grape, olive, date, onion, goat, sheep, cattle, north china: millet, rice, soybean, apricot, cabbage, dog, pig, chicken, southeast asia: mil |
| things needed to be considered for any domestication theory in terms of time period (between what time periods) | - the divide between pleistocene and holocene was 10kya, where climate change experienced (warmer) |
| what role did domestication play in sedentism? | long term residence in same location - hunting and gathering communities (move btw resources on seasonal basis) - agricultural communities sedentary (stay in one place) and harvest food from immediate vicinity |
| implications/consequences of sedentism (3 reasons) | 1. allows greater investment in technology as communities don't need to transport all material like artefacts and architecture 2. demography: put less strain on vulnerable members 3. society: allows communities to invest more in place: territory and dwell |
| the evolutionary role of humans on plants and animals | - domestication involves removing wild species from natural settings whereby experience different selective pressures |
| theories of domestication (3) | 1. sedentary communities without domestication 2. mobile communities with some form of domestication 3. behaviours that aren't farming and don't involve domestic species but look like farming - west australia hunting and gathering communities deliberately |
| Oasis Theory (Gorden Childe) (4 - at the end of what period?, where did humans and animals start to gather?, what did gathering of humans and animals result in?, what did this development lead to?) | 1. at the end of the pleistocene the near east became hot and dry 2. humans plants and animals started to gather around small fertile zones (oases) 3. humans acquired greater understanding of plant animal lifestyles 4. humans started to exercise control o |
| Hilly Flanks Hypothesis: Robert Braidwood (what pre-domesticates already lived?, what made crops grow in upland region?, how did humans pretty much make their life easier?) | 1. place where pre-domesticates - goats, barley, wheat, pigs, sheep etc. lived 2. upland region with sufficient rainfall to allow crops to grow without irrigation around flood plain areas where you get a lot of people living around landscape, hilly flanks |
| Marginal Zone - Louis Binford (at end of what period what happened?, what did this environment change result in terms of population, environment etc.?) | 1. at end of pleistocene wide range of rich resource zones opened 2. caused pop. growth 3. humans under demographic pressure, forced to move into more marginal zones 4. in those places they had to modify environment and introduce pre-domestic plants and a |
| domestication - the problem of intent (2) | 1. is there really such a high initial advantage to agriculture 2. is farming an invention? was some group or individual suddenly inspired to just plant wheat seeds |
| domestication - potential enigma (domestication of plants involved 2 processes) | 1. genetic and structural changes in plants --> modifications that make plants of real value to humans 2. behavioural changes in humans --> gardening |
| Wild vs. Domestic cereals (interms of their structure and maturation period) | wild: dehiscent - stalk soft and brittle and seeds drop easily into ground as they mature; delayed maturation - seeds all sprout at different times during season, sometimes several years |
| Co-evolution (esp. david rhindos) (humans intentionally minimised long-term process - in terms of selection) | human intentionality minimised long-term processes: - plants evolved to take advantage of human modified environments - humans tended to select plants that were most useful to them - through time co-evolutionary relationship developed whereby plants and h |
| corn - ultimate domestication (where was it domesticated from?, what is domestic plant?) | - domesticated in valley of mexico - evolved from teosinte - teosinte not much value as food - corn now most important crop in world - corn now dependent on humans for reproduction that if we stopped planting it'll go extinct - domestic plant is plant tha |
| difference between weeds and crop plants (what is evolving of plants evidence of?) | crops useful to humans and weeds are not. weeds evidence that plants do evolve for human environments without deliberate human help. |
| domestication - modern synthesis (was it an invention?, did it occur in different places?, slow or fast?, what resulted in modern synthesis?) | - it was not an invention - occurred in range of different places with different drivers - occurred slowly - direct human intentionality in process likely to have been variable |
| Neolithic revolution (the move from... to.... in modified/artificial environment?, revolutionary outcome?) | - the move form gathering food from natural environment to producing food in modified or even artificial environment - revolutionary outcome - towns, cities, civilisations would not have been possible if humans continued hunting and gathering |
| social change - Sedentism (how did living permanently influence hunting-gathering and agricultural?) | when people began living permanently in one place instead of moving around to find food - hunting & gathering settlement: mobility, temporary structures, little long-terms investment in place - agricultural settlement: sedentary, permanent structures, inv |
| Makhunik Village in South Khorasan Province, Iran (what id this village site a good model of?) | modern village but is good model for warly (warlike) farming villages in near east probably looked like in terms of architecture and layout |
| Beidha, Jordan (when was site occupied and what did site show in terms of sedentism and pop.?) | - occupied from ~7200 BP - sedentary, large pop., dense pop. |
| what kind of Neolithic tools used to recognise agriculture? | - grinding stone used for processing cereal grains. - pottery: for storage, food preparation, transportation of goods, cooking etc. - ground stone tools: axes, adzes - personal ornaments: for marking status rank etc. - digging stick: simple all purpose to |
| Landscape change in recognising agriculture (3) | - deforestation - burning - sedimentation |
| how archaeologists recognise agriculture through faunal remains in middens? | when people start to herd animals that they previously hunted, age-sex ratio of animals in middens changes. |
| how archaeologists recognise agriculture through intact agricultural systems (2 places of where neolithic garden found?) | from air, ancient gardening systems are sometimes visible that aren't visible from ground. (evidence of this neolithic garden in denmark and new guinea) |
| how archaeologists recognise agriculture through morphologically domestic plants (wheat ex. ) | domestic wheat grains structurally different to wild wheat grain. grains Preserve well at sites. |
| Jericho, Jordan (what theory is this site a good example of?, what kind of social changes seen?, when did site date back to?, what was found at the site?) | - good example fo oasis theory of domestication - see change from hunter-gatherer societies to settle society within single site. - 10,000 BP sedentary community intensive gathering of wild grains. - level dated to 8,000-9,000 BP - found storage pits, gri |
| Jarmo, Iraq (what did the architecture of the walls show?) | Jarmo and the hilly flanks of Zargos Mountains (Iran) are places in which agriculture developed - dense architecture and shared walls |
| Cayonu (which river is it located near?, when was it dated back to?, what changes occurred in technology and social life?) | - located near tigris river on major route leading from upper mesopotamia into anatolia - phase 2 (8850 BP) major changes in tech and social life of people: 1. quality of house - larger, permanent, contain luxury elements like tiles on floors and plastere |
| Khirokitia, Cyprus (Tholos) (when was it dated back to?, how many house found?, what did houses look like and what were they made out of?) | - earliest site in cyprus (~9,000 BP) - Comprised about a 1000 houses - stone base with either stone or mud brick walls - the domed superstructure |
| Khirokiti Burials (what did they lay over their dead?) | large grinding stones laid over dead |
| Khirokiti artefacts | - stone bowls - food preparations tools - hunting and fishing tools - domestic manufacturing tools - ornaments |
| Charles Redman's stages (7) | 1. mobile hunting/gathering 2. sedentary hunting and intensive gathering 3. early farming villages 4. advanced farming villages 5. temple towns 6. city states 7. national state |
| Early farming villages - redman's stage 3 (where and when did site date back to?, pop. size, saw the emergence of...?) | - Beidha, Jordan (9000 BP) [neolithic house formations] - pop. inc. (denser, several hundred people) - inc. importance of household - structures of power and control develop out of kinship principles - emergence of inequality |
| changing socio-political organisation (stage 3 of redman - early farming villages) | - change in use of space over time - permanent in one area - developing of spirituality with surrounding environment you stay in |
| Çatal Höyük - an early farming village in Anatolia (when did site date back to?, appearance of housing structures?, what kind of burials?, rituals or not, town planning or not?) | - 8500 - 7500 BP - appearance of housing structures (standardised design) = having kitchen area, storage area, sleeping area, central living space, female and male areas - gender and burial customs - town planning (good for protection) - shrine rooms (roo |
| Çatal Höyük houses - artefacts (tools, art work, what did personal ornaments show?) | - personal ornaments show wealth, status, trade - flint and obsidian knives (trade and specialisation-community and labour) - art work - religion, ritual, ideology, wealth, symbolic meaning |
| Çatal Höyük houses - what did they trade and exchange (materials)? | - copper and turquoise - flint and cowrie shells - copper and turquoise - shell - timber and marble |
| Neolithic life - stage 2 socio-political organisation | - family basic unit of society = burials associated w/ family not wider community - sociopolitical inequality - tribal chiefs - large scale warfare or political expansion rate - gender based differences = burial, labour, organisation of activities, symbol |
| social complexity - fragmentation and integration in relation to society | - in small scale villages each society made up on units roughly equivalent = each unit (family) has same basic interests and needs of every other unit - society grows and become complex & fragments into more special interest groups = families w/ high/low |
| First farming communities in europe | ~8500 BP |
| models of culture change (3) | 1. diffusions and migration - farming people migrated out of near east and spread west thru europe taking agriculture with them |
| 2. independent innovation - people of europe domesticated their own plants and animals | |
| 3. borrowing - european hunter gatherers adopted farming by borrowing ideas and domesticated plants and animals from farming communities | |
| Arguments for diffusion (where did it come from into europe?, when was it dated back to?, what animals or plants? what happened because of farmers? | - come from the near east into europe where the european domesticates not indigenous - 8500 BP - sheep, wheat, goat, barley -key feature of argument is that farmers spread and displaced earlier groups. |
| arguments for independent innovation (where did first pigs in europe come from?, whats earliest plant to get domesitcated in europe and when did it date back to?) | - europe & near east underwent climate changes at end of pleistocene - first pigs in europe came from near east but then replaced by domesticated european breeds - poppy one of worlds earliest domesticates in europe ~7000 BP |
| arguments for borrowing (idea of what else spreading instead of people?, genetic continuity?) | - very little strong evidence to support idea that it was ideas and plants and animals that spread and not people (people did spread) - not great deal of genetic continuity from european hunter and gatherer early neolithic peoples - theres 'unbroken chain |
| first european farmers (where did they come from and what did they bring with them?, where are some of earliest farming communities?) | - came from near east bringing crops and animals - some earliest farming communities in lowland zones around edge of black sea. these communities displaced as black seas turned lake to salt-water body ~8500 BP |
| expansion of farming into Danube valley and central europe (location name?, what community was nesolithic hunting and fishing settlement contemporary w/?, what islands have earliest evidenc of agriculture in britain?) | - lepenski Vir = mesolithic hunting and fishing settlement contemporary w/ neolithic communities - islands north of scotland have one of earliest evidence of agriculture in britain. |
| Linear Pottery Culture (LBK(Bandkeramik)) (where did it originate (valley)?, what does distribution of pottery mark?, what are adze tools for?) | - originated on hungarian plains (danube valley) - 1st widespread culture area of european neolithic - distribution of pottery marks expansion of agriculture - distinctive adzes of linear pottery culture - adze tools for working wood, clearing scrub, work |
| Linear Pottery Culture - economics (what plants and animals?) | - wheat, barley, lentils, peas (lots of weeds too) - cattle (lots - multi-purpose livestock); sheep and goats (few); pigs and dogs (scarce) |
| Linear Pottery Culture - settlement patterns (what kind of houses?, where were villages located?, what was different about the houses?, how long were the villages occupied for?) | - longhouses (poland) (kind of like a long barn house) - villages located close to water - each house divided into functional zones - standardisation of design - linear arrangement within settlement - overlapping house floors - status differentiation - vi |
| Linear Pottery Culture - Talheim, germany death pits (what kind of grave is it?, when did it date back to?, what did the site show?) | - mass grave (~7600 BP) - evidence of violence associated w/ early neolithic life in europe - farming tools used as weapons |
| why did Linear Pottery Culture spread so rapidly? (what influenced this spread in pottery?) | - result of soil depletion as consequence of slash and burn agricultural regime - pop. pressure- warfare - local social factors and kinship practices |
| Post-Linear Pottery expansion of farming (where does it show successful farming through?) | - LBK shows successful expansion of farming throughout most of europe - rapid - relatively homogeneous |
| Megaliths of Europe (megalithic types) (when are they dated back to?, what are they?, where are they found (2)?, art style or not?, did it have astronomical association?) | - 6000 BP - passage graves (e.g., Newgrange, Ireland) - the art style and absence of pronounced funerary features + astronomical associations suggest tombs had wider function and meaning than simply burying dead - long barrows - avebury |
| Neolithic life (when does it date back to?, agriculture or not?, society socio-political inequality?, were there gender based differences?, was there expansion of trade?) | - 8500 BP - agriculture well established - family basic unit of society - socio-political inequality-tribal chiefs - large scale warfare or political expansion rare - gender based differences, labour, organisation of activities, symbolism - expansion of t |
| 3 Characteristics of a Chiefdom | Large Villages, Intensive agriculture, Formal recognition of power/ authority |
| 3 characteristics of a Band | Hunters and gatherers, Low population size, Kinship |
| 3 Characteristics of a Tribe | Cultivation, Communities autonomous but kinship has ties to other groups, Nomadic |
| What is Civilisationism? (3) | 1. civilisation = state 2. its a level of social organisation 3. about power and way in which power transmitted and exercise within society |
| What site, at 16kya, shows the earliest domestication of the dog | Magdalenian cave site, Spain |
| What Early Natufian site (12kya) was the first open site excavated by archaeologists | 'Ain Malhalla, Israel |
| What region is known to have early domestication of Millet, Rice, Soybean, Apricot, Cabbage, Dog, Pig and Chicken | Nothern China |
| The Levant is known for supporting what culture that is famous for being between | The Natufian culture |
| What site was used to evaluate the Nuclear Zone hypothesis but later shown to not support it | Jarmo, Iraq |
| What region is known to have early domestication of Rice, Millet, Bread, fruit, banana, mango, coconut, yam, Taro, pig and chicken | Southeast Asia |
| What area shows the spread of agriculture to replace Mesolithic hunting-gathering | Fertile Crescent |
| At what site did archaeologists discover 50 houses (200-300 people) located on a hillside above a spring and evidence of domesticated dogs | 'Ain Mahalla, Israel |
| Which site was used to test the Oasis Model | Jericho |
| The tomato originated from which region | The Amazon Basin |
| Who suggested or when did the Dump Heap/Weed Model come about | Edgar Anderson in the 1950's |
| Name 4 of the 6 models of domestication | Oasis hypothesis, Population Pressure, Nuclear Zone, Dump Heap/Weed Theory, co-evolution |
| Who suggested or when did the Oasis model come about | V. Gordon Childe in the 1920's |
| Which other model of domestication is used to support the co-evolution model | The Dump Heap/Weed theory |
| The Dump Heap/Weed model suggests certain plants take advantage of what types of habitats | Disturbed areas |
| According the Marginal Zone Model, why did domestic plants evolve and adapt to new conditions | Because people modified their new environment to allow these plants to survive in marginal zones |
| Where was the Pecan domesticated | Mesoamerica |
| What drug was found in the Eastern mediterranean and dated to 3500BP | Opium |
| What is the oldest evidence for wine production | Tartaric acid and resin found in Iran, dated to 5400-5000 BC |
| What is Indehiscence | Not splitting open to release the seeds when ripe |
| Why are fats found in archaeological sites useful | They are very stable and preserve well |
| What is the difference in germination rates between wild and domesticated plants | Wild plants have delayed germination while domesticated plants have simultaneous germination |
| Give two types of indirect evidence of agriculture | Tool types, archaeological site evidence, environmental change, faunal remains from agricultural sites |
| Name two of the three main results of domestication on plant species | Strengthening of the attachment between the seed and stalk (indehiscence), increase in size of the edible portion, increase rapidity of germination |
| How does the jaw of an animal change during domestication | Becomes smaller and shows an increased crowding of the teeth |
| Why are finds of non-indigenous animals important | Shows human introduction of animals |
| Why are phytoliths important in determining domestication | Help differentiate between wild and domestic plant species |
| GIve the two types of direct evidence of agriculture | Intact agricultural systems and the presence of morphologically domestic species |
| What was traditionally thought to be the main indicator of animal domestication | reduction in size of large animals and increase in size of small animals |
| What is the Mesolithic | Denoting the middle part of the Stone Age, between the Paleolithic and Neolithic |
| What is pastoralism | The keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle |
| Who are Specialised foragers | People move in relation to one or two main resources |
| What is megafauna | The large mammals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period |
| What is agriculture | The practice of farming including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool and other products |
| What is the Neolithic | Denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed and domestication began |
| What is Demography | Relating to the structure of populations |
| What is Arboriculture | cultivation of trees and shrubs |
| What is Horticulture | The art of practice of garden cultivation and management |
| what is Domestication | The process of artificially selecting traits in wild plants or animals that are useful to humans |
| What is Propagation | Breed Specimens of (a plant, animal etc) by natural processes from the parent stock |
| How old is the earliest settlement of Papua New Guinea | 50,000 years old |
| Which civilisation produced the earliest venus Figurines | Orignation |
| Deciphered Rosetta Stone | Jean-Francois Chapollion - 1822 |
| Put these dynasties in order: Zhou, Shang, Xia, Qin | Xia - Shang - Zhou - Qin |
| Where is Nan Madol | Ponape |
| Who built the Great Wall of China | Qin Shi Huangdi |
| Earliest Lapita pottery | 3350 BP |
| When was the 'urban revolution' | between Halaf and Urbaid |
| Evidence for ranked, more stratified society | Chiefs have more grave goods, social differentiation in house sizes, roles and burials |
| What is the significance of rivers to civilisations and state formations | They are all located by river system so they can control the movement of things |
| What was the first temple town | Eridu - temple was located at the centre of settlement |
| When was the first City State | 6200 BP (Urbaid period) |
| What is the ziggurat of E-Anna and where was it from | From Uruk, large temple that controlled people through religion |
| Significance of irrigation | Made agriculture accessible away from rivers, supplied large agricultural fields to grow, hydraulic management leads to intensification |
| Halaf Culture (when does it date back to?, what kind of distribution did this culture have?) | - 7500 - 6800 BP - wider distribution - very well defined, wide area pottery 'tradition' (spread across all northern mesopotamia) |
| How do civilisations form? (in terms of society, civilisation or state etc.) | through process of fragmentation and integration- society grows and becomes more complex and have special interest groups, may be families, groups w/ access to religious or secular power or resources - civilisation or state society occurs when systems dev |
| what are fragments? | live in organisation with village which has inc. in architecture and writing and pop. everyone has their separate roles. |
| what are the integrating elements? (4) | - economic dependencies - regulations - religious sanctions and demands - ideological systems |
| how do we identify civilisations as archaeologists? (primary and secondary characteristics) | primary characteristics: social dimension of state societies or civilisations secondary characteristics: archaeological characteristics - what we would see in the ground |
| primary characteristics of civilisations (w/ examples) | - presence of cities - full time specialisation --> different jobs like merchant, craft specialist etc. - concentration of surplus --> storage bins (jericho 9000 BP); communal bins in ancient greece - class structured society --> ruler(s), admin/officials |
| what are cities? | - large, dense pop. structure - complexity and interdependence - formal, impersonal organisation - many non-agricultural activities - diversity of central services |
| secondary characteristics of civilisations (w/ examples) | - monumental public works --> pyramids, angkor - long distance trade --> stone, metals, foodstuffs, pottery all imported in ; art objects, pottery, metal tools, textile exported out - standardisation --> lead weights in ancient rome; weight from ancient e |
| Hydraulic Hypothesis (Karl Wittfogel) (water related) | - irrigation water can be accumulated in bulk - infrastructure and technology develops to construct and manage water use - monopoly of power develops in elite class who controls water supply |
| Craft Specialization Hypothesis (Gorden Childe) (in terms of migration, trade, population etc.) | - mobile specialists start to migrate to emerging towns - towns attract more trade - pop. inc. in towns - wealth and surplus production accumulates in towns - emergence of elite power groups |
| Pop. pressure and conflict (what does the inc. in pop. result in?, what is the conquest of other regions?, classes in society) | - pop. growth - expansion of agriculture (need surplus in order to provide for elite) - conquest of other regions to secure new land - incorporation of 'conquered' into society as 'lower' or slave class- class structure society emerges |
| Sumerian or Babylonian seals (when do they date back to?, what did tablets show?) | - 7500 - 7000 BP - getting tablets which are some forms of writing. where you have image which translates to message. |
| Ubaid (when did this sumerian civilisation date back to?, what did the site of Al ubaid show?) | - 6500 5500 BP - site of Al ubaid, farming village of ~750 people |
| Eridu (when did this civilisation date back to?, pop., it having a temple town what was its structure like and what did this mean overall as a society? | - just after 6500 BP - pop. around 5000 considered as proper city. - first temple town - well organised and complex internal structure - the temple located in centre of settlement w/ houses, workshops, craft specialists, farm houses around the temple |
| Eridu - was it part of a civilisations? (primary and secondary) | 1Ëš: site complexity, specialisation, class structure, administrative class, control over surplus 2Ëš: monumental architecture, standardisation (made by specialists), long distance trade |
| Between 6500 and 5500 BP Eridu moved to become centre off one of worlds first civilisations, what does this mean? (in terms of expansion, trade, or deficiencies) | - expansion north to anatolia - inc. importance of temple - expansion of trade --> obsidian (can be analysed), copper, gemstone from Afghanistan and India - inc. use of stamp seals - several major deficiencies --> water, raw materials |
| Uruk (when does it date back to?, this was the first of what kind of state?) | - first settled 6200 BP and by 5000 BP largest and most powerful city in world - the worlds first city state |
| Growth of Uruk - temple architecture (what goddess was it for?) | - Ziggurat of e-anna (goddess of love) - ziggurat at Ur |
| What is a ziggurat? | A step-shaped building used as a temple - has characteristics of near east |
| Growth of Uruk - trade and writing | - mesopotamia is resource poor (except for oil) - writing: epic of gilgamesh - from sumerian third dynasty (800 years after uruk period but from same civilisation), being the earliest known example of literature (~4200 BP) |
| Uruk Period Cities (what kind of cities were they? were there any links between states?) | - large independent and powerful city states - establishment of administrative links between these states by Jemdet Nasr period represents final phase in development of ancient civilisations. |
| first cities and civilisation - near east (by what date did city states and emergent civilisation start appearing?, what were they based around?, when did the egyptian period start developing?) | - by 5000 BP city states and emergent civilisations were appearing over much of near east - mostly were based around a temple. - 3000 BC is when Egyptian dynastic period was developing |
| how did temples become powerful? | - irrigation - central 'independent' mediating authority (which was the temple) - resource issues --> trade and markets [if you owned water then had power] |
| Rosetta Stone (who found it?, who deciphered it?, what is it?) | - founded by officer Pierre François Xavier Bouchard - deciphered by Jean-Francois champollion - its a decree, enabled people to translate hieroglyphics for first time. |
| The Nile (where is lower and upper nile in terms of north and south?, importance of nile?) | - Lower nile to the north and upper nile to the south - life line of egypt. silt bearing waters covered nile valley from august to november. - life revolved round the nile. |
| Pre-Dynastic Egypt (who ruled the earth?, who did the earliest kings follow?, who was the first mention of king?, who was the first unifier of egypt?) | - time when gods ruled on earth - earliest kings followed horus - first mention of king - menes - first unifier of egypt - narmer |
| Narmer Palette (what does it show?) | - depicts unification of upper and lower egypt under king narmer 5000 years ago. |
| Art in Egypt (did the art change over the years?, what kind of concepts seen thru art?) | - the art was static (doesnt seem to change much for the 2000 years in between) - the structure doesnt change a significant amount over the years - concepts of kinship and religion remain conservative (was able to be seen thru the art) |
| Old Kingdom - Pharaoh was God (what was kingship linked to?, which dynasty becomes son of re and what does it emphasise? | - kingship pivotal to ancient egyptian civilisation - pharaoh protects his people --> common theme has him killing foreign enemies - from early dynastic to greco-roman times - kingship divinely sanctioned and linked w/ divinity - divinity expressed in rel |
| Religion in Egypt (what did they believe in after death?) | - belief in life after death, then prepared for afterlife - old kingdom cult of sun god re dominates - pharaoh is son of sun god and on death reunited w/ father - join re and sail across heavens bring life to those in day and night in underworld - the hea |
| Predynastic Unification in Egypt (when does this date back to?, what palette depicts king narmer defeating enemy?, what does this symbolise?) | - 3000 BC - narmer palette depicts king narmer defeating enemy - falcon god Horus holds defeated marsh people by leash - symbolises unification of upper and lower egypt |
| Old Kingdom Egypt (when does this date back to?, who is khafra?, who is horus?) | - 2685 - 2155 BC - prior to its archaic period (dynasties 1-3) - Khafra - god like character of old kingdom - horus - falcon god - spreads wings behind kings head. pharaoh horus earthly representative |
| Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara (which dynasty does it date back to?, what kind of pyramid is Djoser I?, what did the kings of the 4th dynasty build?) | - 3rd dynasty c. 2650 BC - Djoser I buried in step pyramid: 1st pyramid can see development of pyramid from 6 mastabas one on top of other - 1st propper pyramid was pyramid at meidum - kings of 4th dynasty - cheops, chephren and mycerinis built 3 pyramids |
| Pyramid of Cheops (middle of three) (what was the purpose of the pyramid?, what was inside it?, when does it date back to?) | - pyramid and tombs --> erected over small chamber containing sarcophagus of pharaoh. they are to protect remains which must be preserved if life force (ka) not to abandon body - 2575 BC to 2465 BC |
| Menkaure (what dynasty?) | 4th dynasty |
| Middle Kingdom Egypt (when does it date back to?, what kingdoms does this separate from?, what happened during period of disruption?, where did the rulers from the south move to?, which dynasty does the the 2nd intermediate follow and what happened during | - 2040 - 1650 BC - separating old from middle and middle from new are intermediate periods (1st & 2nd), periods of disruption - normally external factors, breakdown in society etc. - rulers from south moved to north to apex of delta - 2nd intermediate (16 |
| New Kingdom Egypt (when does it date back to?, who ruled the 18th dynasty?) | - 1540 - 1070 BC - Thutmosis III ruled 18th dynasty |
| Amenhotep III (when does it date back to?, and what is still left of the once massive temple?) | - 1391 - 1353 BC - two colossal statues - all thats left of once massive temple |
| Queen Hashepsut funerary temple (where and when does it date back to?) | at Deir el Bahri 1479-1457 BC |
| Akhenaten (what dynasty?) | 18th Dynasty |
| Tutankhamen (what dynasty, what was the lid made of?, what figure was in the tomb?) | - 18th dynasty - lid of ivory box - funerary mask - solid gold - 1 of 410 Ushabti (worker) figures from tomb of tutankhamen |
| Sethos I (what dynasty?) | - 19th dynasty |
| Ramses II (Father of Ramses the Great) (what dynasty?, what did ramses II build and why?) | 19th dynasty built the abu simbel ramses II temple (to intimidate his enemies) |
| Temple of Abydos of Sethos I (what dynasty?) | 19th dynasty |
| Pictorial art from New Kingdom of egypt (what kind of art work was seen (what did they paint?)) | - Bulls head & Cattle & Horse, Tomb Thanuny, Thebes - Carpenters & Grape picking, Nebamun, Thebes - Girl w/ dates, Tomb Deserkarasonb, Thebes - Hunter and fishing bringing home goods, Tomb Menna, Thebes and many more...[ a lot of art work from this period |
| 3rd Intermediate Period Egypt (what dynasties?, what piece of what kingdom was reused) | - 22nd to 25th dynasty - high priest of Amun and Ramses XI at Karnak - signs of time - Tanis & royal tombs - falcon head of silver coffin of Shoshenq II - piece from middle kingdom reused before pharaoh psuennes I of 21st dynasty |
| Statue of Princess (egypt) (what dynasty?) | 22nd dynasty |
| Yellow River, China (north or south?, when and what is harvested there?) | - north china - foxtail millet 6000 BC (found as wild species then domesticated) |
| Yangtze River, China (north or south?, what was harvested there?, what province?) | - Southern China - abundance of water for wet rice cultivation - Jiangsu province |
| Agriculture in China [neolithic progresses] (in terms of villages, pop., social) | - sedentary villages - larger pop. - social complexity - social differentiation |
| Early pottery in China (when does it date back to and where was it found?) | 20,000 years ago in xianrendong cave, china |
| Yangshao Period, Neolithic 5000 - 3000 BC (what were central plain seen as?, did regional interconnections occur, and what it lead to?) | - central plains seen as cradle of civilisation. river basins of yellow, wei and fen river come together - diverse regional cultures developed that developed regional interconnections that led to transformation leading to state emergence. |
| Longshan period, neolithic | - yellow river basin + middle and lower Yangtze - 3000 - 2000 BC - differences in economic wealth and political power - role of ritual evident - use of force evident - at end of period is beginning or urban and state development |
| Longshan pottery | - red Kuei pitcher - tall stemmed, egg shell black pottery cup |
| Longshan Jade | - Jade Yueh Axe - Jade Cong Fansgan |
| Early Longshan | Central settlements, simple hierarchy |
| Later Longshan | - walled and cities, platform structure - pyramidal settlements - central cities surrounded by smaller villages - early states - burial more elaborate - beginning of kingship |
| Bronze Age, China (what was this the rise and formation of?) | rise of kings and formation of city states |
| what dynasty was preceding (before) Shang Dynasty? | Xia Dynasty |
| What began in the Longshan period? | written inscriptions, bronze, city walls, institutional ritual, human sacrifice etc. |
| Xia Dynasty (what is the dating?, which dynasty of china is it?, what do all the phases cover?) | - 2100-1600 BC - 1st dynasty of china - first 2 phases covers longshan period, the latter 2 see changes in structure of society (elite burials, ritual bronze artefacts, palaces) |
| Shang Dynasty (dating) | 1600-1045 BC |
| Zhou Dynasty (what are the 2 different zhou periods and their dates?) | western zhou 1100-700 BC eastern zhou 700-256 BC |
| which historian wrote on early chinese civilisation during Han dynasty? | Sima Qian (145-86 BC) |
| where are Jade yazhang blades often found? | often in xia dynasty burials |
| First state level society in china (what culture in yiluo region of middle yellow river? what culture followed on from that?) | Erlitou culture (1900-1500 BC) in Yiluo region of middle yellow river. then followed by ergligang culture |
| Zhengzhou (what city?, what specialist areas did the city have?, did it have sacrifices?) | - early Shang city - city had specialist areas for bronze casting, pottery making and working of animal bones into e.g., arrowheads - inc. in ritual incl. human and animal sacrifices |
| Oracle bones (what were they prepared on?, purpose of them?) | - prepared on cattle scapula were divination records of late shang kings. - turtle, anyang - before process of divination, shang shamans would cut, polish, and drill hole into bovines to become legitimate devices of divination - ritualistic process follow |
| Western Zhou Dynasty (what dynasty and did their religion have sacrifices or not?) | - 11th dynasty to 771 BC |
| Art during Han dynasty (what happened to jade during this time?) | - patronage of arts inc. - jade manufacture reached its greatest success during qin and han dynasties |
| when was the earliest occupation of new guinea? | 50,000 years ago |
| Lapita (society from... to ... dated back to...? other factors of society?) | Society from New Guinea to Tonga (1500-500 B.C.E.) with agricultural villages, networks of trade and communication, and hierarchical chiefdoms. |
| artefacts of pacific | arawes, shell artefacts, obsidian (traded along the coasts of all the islands) |
| Pottery in the pacific (found in burials) | - pottery exquisite and large because was with a burial as things w/ burials tend to last longer |
| where is Bourewa and Naitabale? | found in fiji |
| Tonga (what is it argued to be the simplified part of...?, central authority?, ruling?, what was the pacific becoming over time?) | - was argued to have been simplified - part of easter lapita - strong central authority - had a ruling aristocracy over a commoner class - the pacific was becoming a state over time |
| Samoa | - furthest extension of lapita is samoa - mulifanua (village) |
| Dressed coral blocks (who and what were the house platforms for?) | - m'ua on tongatapu - ceremonial area - incl. house platforms for chiefs, their families |
| Micronesia (what part of the pacific from equator?, how far do the islands spread across?) | northern part of pacific from equator, the islands spread across 8 million sq. km of ocean |
| Pohnpei: Nan Madol (where is this high islands located?, what tomb found here?, what is it divided into?, what dynasty was it used by from 800-400 BP?) | - largest high island in central micronesia - nandauwas tomb complex - divided into residential and ritual complexes - used by saudeleur dynasty from 800-400 BP. |
| Name the three main grains domesticated in the Near East | Wheat, Barley, oats |
| What main animals were domesticated in Northern China | Dog, pig and chicken |
| Where was the Llama domesticated | Peru |
| What two grains were domesticated in China river systems | Millet and Rice |
| Where was the sheep domesticated | Southwest Asia |
| What is the name of the root crop domesticated in South America | Potato |
| Where was the Pig domesticated | Near East and China |
| Name one of the main roots domesticated in Mesoamerica | Manioc, sweet potato |
| What is the main domesticated grain crop of Mesoamerica | Corn/Maize |
| Name one country of area of origin for domestication of wild cattle | Turkey/Fertile Crescent, India/Pakistan or NE Africa |
| What is the name of the root crop domesticated in New Guinea | Taro |
| Name the three main grains domesticated in the NEar East | Wheat, barley, oats |
| Who was buried in the Great Pyramid of Giza | Cheops (Khufu) |
| Which dynasty was Akhenaten and Tutankhamun in | 18th dynasty |
| What was the capital of the Xia dynasty | Eriltou |
| Oracle bones were found in which city | Anyang |
| What comes first Shang dynasty or Xin Dynasty | Xin then Shang |
| What are the two major river systems in China and what are they known for growing | North Yellow River - Millet, South Yangtze River - Rice |
| What was found in the Xianrendong Cave, China and what is its relevance | Early pottery 20,000 years ago, indicating they are cooking wild rice |
| What is the early/middle Shang period called | Erligang culture |
| What culture is Xia dynasty associated with | Erlitou culture |
| What are the big vessels from Zhengzhou, what are they made from and what are their significance | Bronze dings or cooking vessels weighing 82.55kg, rare and usually associated with royalty, has four faces on it similar to Lapita pottery in Vanuatu |
| What country and culture has similar artistic designs and possibly a connection in Asian archaeology such as Japan and China | Lapita pottery from Vanuatu |
| What were oracle bones | Animal bones that were carved with inscription that predicted the future |
| When was the New Kingdom | 1540 BC to 1070 BC |
| What does the Narmer Palette symbolise | The Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt |
| What was the first Pyramid | Step pyramid of Djoser I (although 1st proper pyramid was at Meidum) |
| What was the Middle Kingdom characterised by | Period of disruption, breakdown of society, hyksos invasion, |
| What site did Akhenaten found | Tel Armana |
| What is significant about egyptian material culture | Continuity throughout the centuries, art remains relatively the same |
| What was the first city state | Uruk |
| Define civilisation | State level society that is about power |
| What is Elmans theory of culture change | Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, Early State |
| What are Charles Redmans stages in the development of civilisation | 1. Mobile hunting/gathering 2. Sedentry hunting and intensive gathering 3. Early farming villages 4. Advanced farming villages 5. Temple Towns. 6. City States. 7. National States |
| Appearence of stamp seals suggest | beginning of property rights, organised trade, approaching marketing societies |
| Primary characteristics of civilisations | - presence of cities - full time specialisation - concentration of surplus - class structured society - state organisation |
| State specialists include | - famers - Craft specialists - Service Specialists - Administrators - Religious personnel - Military groups |
| Secondary characteristics of Civilisations | - Monumental public works - Long distance trade - Standardisation - Writing - Arithmetic, geometry, science |
| Explain hydraulic hypothesis (Karl Wittfogel) | water was the centre of the rise of civilisation e.g. Egypt |
| Explain craft specialisation hypothesis (Gordon Childe) | Craft specialisation attracted people to cities and wealth and surplus production accumulated in towns |
| Explain population pressure and conflict theory | Population growth due to food production created higher demand and people conquested new regions to secure land |
| When was Austronesian expansion into Pacific | 3,350 BP |
| When did Lapita Pottery first appear in the Bismarck Archipelago | 3350 BP |
| what directions do Austronesians move | West to East |
| Name two famous sites from Qin Dynasty | Terracotta army, Great wall of china |
| what dose Zimbabwe mean | 'stone house' |
| What type of environment is Zimbabwe located in? | A semi-arid environment |
| What agricultural practice did the Bantu migrations introduce? | Cultivation knowledge, intermixing with foragers and pastoralists |
| When did the Bantu migrations begin? | Around 2,000 BC |
| What was a significant technological advancement brought by the Bantu people? | Iron smelting |
| What does agropastoralism refer to? | A combined agricultural and pastoral lifestyle |
| How did the Bantu migrations affect language in Africa? | They diversified language |
| What were the key resources that underpinned the sociopolitical infrastructure of Great Zimbabwe? | Cattle wealth and ironworking |
| Which two cultures merged to form the Swahili culture along the east coast of Africa? | Bantu and Arabic cultures |
| What time period did Great Zimbabwe flourish as a trading center? | 11th to 17th centuries CE |
| What type of architecture is Great Zimbabwe known for? | Incredible stone masonry |
| What impact did British colonial rule have on the interpretation of Great Zimbabwe? | It led to the narrative that the site was abandoned and not built by Africans |
| What has limited our understanding of Great Zimbabwe's past? | Looting, hyper-focus on monumentality, and a racially loaded history |
| What evidence suggests that Great Zimbabwe was utilized until the 17th century? | Range of pottery, beads, and iron processing remains found |
| What was the misconception about the abandonment of Great Zimbabwe? | It was thought to be abandoned around 1450, but this was incorrect |
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